Method for detecting or measuring the impact of a viral vector composition on eukaryotic cells and biomarkers used thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to methods and compositions for characterization of global cellular changes in response to introduction of viral vector compositions into target cells. It more particularly refers to a method for assessing the quality of a viral vector composition for a transgene transfer into target cells comprising measuring the expression level of at least one biomarker selected in the group consisting of CXCL2 and EREG and/or of at least one biomarker selected in the group consisting of ASPM, AURKB, CENPA, CENPF, CKS1B, E2F8, ERCC6L, FAM83D, KIFC1, MKI67, NEK2, NUSAP1, OIP5, PRC1, RRM2, SGOL1, SPC25, TOP2A and TTK.

The invention relates generally to the field of viral vector mediated gene therapy and recombinant gene expression. More particularly, the present invention relates to methods and compositions that utilize a particular panel of gene products (“biomarkers”) and their differential expression patterns (“expression signatures”), wherein the expression patterns correlate with the impact a viral vector composition may have on any given target cell, in particular on any given eukaryotic cell. The invention is based on the identification of a specific set of biomarkers that are differentially expressed in viral vector transduced cells and which are useful in predicting the quality, i.e., purity and/or concentration, of a viral vector composition. The gene panel is also useful in designing specific adjuvant modalities with improved therapeutic efficiency.

Virus-based vectors are a tool commonly used to deliver genetic material into cells. Such vectors were originally developed as an alternative to transfection of naked DNA for molecular genetics experiments and for therapeutic uses such as gene therapy or vaccines. Viral vectors fall into two main categories: integrating vectors, which insert themselves into the recipient genome and non-integrating vectors, which usually form an extra chromosomal genetic element. Integrating vectors such as gamma-retroviral vectors (RV) and lentiviral vectors (LV) are stably inherited. Non-integrating vectors, such as adenoviral vectors (ADV) and adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are quickly lost from cells that divide rapidly.

In particular, retroviral vectors are derived from viruses belonging to the Retroviridiae family that comprises enveloped RNA viruses with a complex macromolecular structure having an hydrodynamic diameter of approximately 150 nm (Salmeen et al. 1975). Due to the large size the viral particles have low diffusivity (10-8 cm²/s); their density is about 1.15-1.16 g/cm3 as determined by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation (Coffin et al. 1997). They are composed by 60-70% protein, 30-40% lipid (derived from the plasma membrane of the producer cells), 2-4% carbohydrate and 1% RNA (Andreadis et al. 1999). Retroviral particles consist of two identical copies of single-stranded positive sense RNA, plus integrase and reverse transcriptase enzymes, contained within a protein capsid surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane. The lipid bilayer is studded with glycoprotein projections. Retroviral vectors are negatively charged particles in a broad pH range since their isoelectric point occurs at very low pH values. The envelope proteins and the lipid bilayer are probably the main contributors to the negative charge at the virus surface (Rimai et al. 1975).

The use of virus-based vectors has become a crucial delivery method for in vitro applications in drug discovery, for in vivo and ex vivo clinical assays, for gene therapy and animal model development. The lentiviral vectors, such as HIV-derived vectors, are currently the preferred tools for gene transfer, both in vitro and in vivo, due to their capacity to transduce immortalized cells or primary cells, both quiescent or proliferating cells, and to the resulting stable integration of the transgene in the genome. These advantages make them not only a valuable tool in both the therapeutic context, as well as in functional genomics, but also for the production of molecules of interest for human use. The benefit of such vectors for their use in gene therapy has been confirmed by the recent success obtained in the treatment of Adrenoleukodystrophy (N. Cartier, S. Hacein-Bey-Abina, et al. 2009) or human β-thalassaemia (Marina Cavazzana-Calvo et al. 2010).

Current research in regenerative medicine also uses virus-based vectors, especially for the production and differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) (Sommer et al. 2009). Although it is possible to reprogram somatic cells into iPS using crude vector compositions (Takahashi K. and Yamanaka S. 2006), the use of purified and concentrated vector compositions for reprogramming leads to a greater increase in yields and in clonal survival and quality (Vallier et al. 2009). Moreover, virus-based vectors are commonly used to generate cellular models as a part of the validation of therapeutic targets for drug discovery and production of recombinant proteins for therapeutic purposes. In this context, it is essential to finely characterize the changes induced in the transduced cells by the viral-based vectors. As demonstrated by Banito A et al. (2009), cell manipulation like cell reprogramming may be slow and stochastic, suggesting the existence of barriers limiting its efficiency or stability. Here they identify senescence as one such barrier and show that ablation of different senescence effectors improves the efficiency of reprogramming. To that end, purified vectors allow one to avoid any negative impact of the viral-based vector compositions on target cells.

The cellular responses generated following infection with HIV have been extensively studied, including the transcriptional changes caused by the virus in immune cells (Giri et al. 2006). In contrast, there are few studies on transcriptional changes caused by HIV-derived lentiviral vectors. The studies to date have focused on the impact of certain stages of transduction, such as integration into the genome of the transduced cell. Some studies, i.e Zhao et al. 2004 and Mitchell et al. 2003, have characterized the global changes in expression profile induced in response to a lentiviral vector. However, all of these studies focus on specific conditions (transgene specific cell type) that do not allow one to draw a general conclusion. Particularly, no study has been conducted on the global impact and toxicity of viral vectors such as lentiviral vectors and the consequences of production process parameters, such as concentration and purification of viral vector composition, on the transcription profile of the transduced cells.

Factors influencing the choice of a particular vector include its packaging capacity, its host range, its gene expression profile, its transduction efficiency and its capacity to elicit immune responses, which is particularly problematic if repeated administrations or transductions are needed. Some of these parameters can be adjusted or controlled. One parameter or particular importance is the use of highly concentrated and highly purified vectors that allow for efficient cell transduction and avoidance of specific cell responses due to impurities in the viral vector compositions. Development of gene therapy, in vivo and ex vivo clinical assays, and drug discovery applications, highlight the need to have tools to measure or detect the effect of a viral vector composition on eukaryotic cells and also to increase the safety associated with the production of proteins for human uses through the use of such viral vectors.

Until now, the question of the toxicity associated with the use of viral vector compositions has not been globally explored nor solved. The present invention is related to the characterization and selection of transcriptional signatures, referred as biomarkers, related to potential deleterious effects in cells upon transduction by viral vector compositions. The present invention discloses assays designed to characterize the safety and quality of viral vector compositions obtained by any process as well as of genetically modified cells transduced by such viral vector compositions. The identification and modulation of genes influencing or interfering with transduction efficiency, which could affect the level of transgene expression, may be targeted to optimize the transduction process.

The present invention provides methods and compositions for characterization of global cellular changes in response to introduction of viral vector compositions into target cells and in particular into eukaryotic cells. Such global changes may be induced by the viral vector itself or may result from the environment in which the viral vector is found such as the level of purity or concentration of the viral vector compositions. As described in detail below, the methods and compositions of the invention utilize a particular panel of gene products (“biomarkers”) and their differential expression patterns (“expression signatures”), wherein the expression patterns correlate with the quality of the viral vector composition impact on any given transduced eukaryotic cells.

The present invention provides a method to measure or detect the effect of a viral vector composition on eukaryotic cells by detecting modified gene expression profiles and by screening for modifications in the expression level of at least one biomarker in said cultured cells.

The present invention relates to methods and compositions that utilize a particular panel of biomarkers and their expression signatures, wherein the expression signatures correlate with the effect that a viral vector composition may have on any given target cell, in particular eukaryotic cell. The invention is based on the identification of a specific set of biomarkers that are differentially expressed in viral vector transduced eukaryotic cells and which are useful in predicting the quality of the viral vector composition. Accordingly, the present invention provides methods of predicting the cellular response in cells transduced with a viral vector composition. Specifically, a method is provided for detecting a cellular response in target cells, in particular eukaryotic cells contacted with a viral vector composition comprising (i) measuring the expression level of one or more biomarkers in a eukaryotic cell that has not been contacted with a viral vector composition; (ii) measuring the expression level of one or more biomarkers in a eukaryotic cell following contact with a viral vector composition; and (iii) comparing the biomarker(s) expression in (i) to the biomarker(s) expression in (ii) wherein a change in biomarker expression level between (i) and (ii) indicates a cellular response and wherein said cellular response is correlated to the quality of the viral vector composition. In step (iii) the change in expression may be either an increase or decrease in biomarker expression. In a specific embodiment of the invention, the change in biomarker expression level between (i) and (ii) is established at a minimal absolute value of 1.3 FC (fold change ≧1.3) in expression, either a 1.3 fold increase in expression or a 1.3 decrease in expression. The FC value is correlated to the quality (concentration/purification) of the viral vector composition and to the conditions of transduction, in particular to the MOI.

The identified correlation between biomarker expression and viral vector transduction provides a method for determining the quality of the viral vector composition. The methods of the invention rely on measurement of the expression level of one or more predictive RNA transcripts or their expression products in a transduced cell wherein the predictive RNA transcript or their product is the transcript or product of one or more genes selected from the group consisting of the genes of Tables 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the impact of a viral vector composition on target cells, in particular eukaryotic cells transduced with a viral vector composition is evaluated. In a specific embodiment of the present invention, the cultured cells are transduced by lentiviral vectors. In another embodiment of the invention, the eukaryotic cells are immortalized, primary or stem cells.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the expression level of a biomarker involved in senescence biological processes is measured. In a preferred embodiment, the biomarker involved in senescence is a SASP family member. In a more preferred embodiment, the senescence gene is one or more genes selected from Table 7.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the expression level of a biomarker involved in cell cycle is measured. In a preferred embodiment, the cell cycle biomarker is one or more genes selected from Table 2, Table 3, and Table 4.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the expression level of a biomarker selected from Table 8 is measured.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the invention further provides a method for assessing the quality of a viral vector composition for a transgene transfer into target cells comprising measuring the expression level of at least one biomarker selected in the group consisting of CXCL2 and EREG and/or of at least one biomarker selected in the group consisting of ASPM, AURKB, CENPA, CENPF, CKS1B, E2F8, ERCC6L, FAM83D, KIFC1, MKI67, NEK2, NUSAP1, OIP5, PRC1, RRM2, SGOL1, SPC25, TOP2A and TTK.

In a particular embodiment, the present invention provides a method for assessing the quality of a viral vector composition for a transgene transfer into target cells comprising:

(a) measuring the expression level of at least one biomarker selected in the group consisting of CXCL2 and EREG in target cells that has not been contacted with the viral vector composition;

(b) measuring the expression level of said at least one biomarker in target cells following contact with said viral vector composition; and

(c) comparing said biomarker(s) expression in (b) to the biomarker(s) expression in (a) wherein an significant upregulation in biomarker expression level in (b) compared to (a) indicates that the quality of the viral vector composition is insufficient.

More particularly, a significant upregulation at high MOI is a two fold upregulation compared to (a).

The method according to the present invention can further comprise a step of:

(d) measuring the expression level of at least one biomarker selected in the group consisting of ASPM, AURKB, CENPA, CENPF, CKS1B, E2F8, ERCC6L, FAM83D, KIFC1, MKI67, NEK2, NUSAP1, OIP5, PRC1, RRM2, SGOL1, SPC25, TOP2A and TTK in target cells that has not been contacted with the viral vector composition;

(e) measuring the expression level of said at least one biomarker in target cells following contact with said viral vector composition; and

(f) comparing said biomarker(s) expression in (e) to the biomarker(s) expression in (d) wherein an significant downregulation in biomarker expression level in (e) compared to (d) indicates that the quality of the viral vector composition is insufficient.

More particularly, a significant downregulation at optimal MOI is a 1.5 fold downregulation compared to (d).

It should be noted that alternatively, steps (d), (e), (f) can be performed before or simultaneously with step (a), (b) and (c).

The method according to the present invention can further comprise a step of:

(g) measuring the expression level of at least one biomarker selected in the group consisting of CXCL2 and EREG in target cells following contact with a control viral vector composition; and

(h) comparing said biomarker(s) expression in (g) to the biomarker(s) expression in (a), wherein no significant differential expression in biomarker(s) has to be detected in (g) compared to (a).

The method according to the present invention can further comprise a step of:

(j) measuring the expression level of at least one biomarker selected in the group consisting of ASPM, AURKB, CENPA, CENPF, CKS1B, E2F8, ERCC6L, FAM83D, KIFC1, MKI67, NEK2, NUSAP1, OIP5, PRC1, RRM2, SGOL1, SPC25, TOP2A and TTK in target cells following contact with a control viral vector composition; and

(k) comparing said biomarker(s) expression in (j) to the biomarker(s) expression in (d) wherein a potential downregulation in biomarker expression level in (j) compared to (d) has to be detected.

More particularly, the potential downregulation in biomarker expression level in (j) compared to (d) is at least 1.5 times less than the downregulation in biomarker expression level in (e) compared to (d) at high MOI.

The method according to the present invention can further comprise beforehand a step of titration of the viral vector composition and the control viral vector composition.

Advantageously, in the method for assessing the quality of a viral vector composition for a transgene transfer into target cells, the measures of the biomarker expression level are performed before the cells reach confluency.

Preferably, the target cells are eukaryotic cells and are transduced by a lentiviral vector composition.

The invention also provides kits for measuring the level of biomarker expression in a sample of transduced cells. The kits may include one or more reagents corresponding to the biomarkers described herein, e.g., antibodies that specifically bind the biomarkers, recombinant proteins that bind biomarker specific antibodies, nucleic acid probes or primers that hybridize to the biomarkers, etc. In some embodiments, the kits may include a plurality of reagents, e.g., on an array, corresponding to the biomarkers described herein. The kits may include detection reagents, e.g., reagents that are detectably labeled. The kits may include written instructions for use of the kit in predicting the quality of a viral vector composition, and may include other reagents and information such as control or reference standards, wash solutions, analysis software, etc.

In a preferred embodiment, the kit comprises one or more reagents able to measure the expression level of at least one biomarker selected in the group consisting of CXCL2 and EREG.

Advantageously, said kit further comprises one or more reagents able to measure the expression level of at least one biomarker selected in the group consisting of ASPM, AURKB, CENPA, CENPF, CKS1B, E2F8, ERCC6L, FAM83D, KIFC1, MKI67, NEK2, NUSAP1, OIP5, PRC1, RRM2, SGOL1, SPC25, TOP2A and TTK.

Preferably, said kit can also further comprise a control viral vector composition.

The present invention further provides a biochip consisting of at least a biomarker selected in the group consisting of CXCL2 and EREG and at least one biomarker selected in the group consisting of ASPM, AURKB, CENPA, CENPF, CKS1B, E2F8, ERCC6L, FAM83D, KIFC1, MKI67, NEK2, NUSAP1, OIP5, PRC1, RRM2, SGOL1, SPC25, TOP2A and TTK with optionally a ubiquitous gene.

The present invention still further provides a RT-qPCR plate comprising primers of at least a biomarker selected in the group consisting of CXCL2 and EREG and primers of at least one biomarker selected in the group consisting of ASPM, AURKB, CENPA, CENPF, CKS1B, E2F8, ERCC6L, FAM83D, KIFC1, MKI67, NEK2, NUSAP1, OIP5, PRC1, RRM2, SGOL1, SPC25, TOP2A and TTK.

The present invention further relates to a biomarker composition useful for the measurement or detection of the effect of a viral vector composition on eukaryotic cells in order to determine the quality of such compositions. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the biomarker composition useful for the measurement or detection of the effect of a viral vector composition on eukaryotic cells comprises at least one of the products selected among the genes or the polypeptides present in Tables 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8. In a more preferred embodiment, the biomarker composition comprises at least one of the products selected among the genes or the polypeptides present in Tables 3, 4, 7 and 8.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a specific set of biomarkers that are differentially expressed in viral vector transduced cells. Such biomarkers, as described in detail below, may be used in methods designed to predict the quality of viral vector compositions.

In the present application, terms are employed with their usual meaning, except when precised otherwise.

DEFINITIONS

The term ‘viral vector composition’ refers to any viral derived composition obtained from, but not limited to, retrovirus, lentivirus, adenoviral, adeno-associated virus and all compositions containing viral vectors thereof. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the viral vector compositions are based on viruses belonging to the Retroviridiae family that comprises enveloped RNA viruses including, for example, lentiviral (LV) and gamma-retroviral (RV) vectors. Viral vector compositions can be produced using any of the methods known to those of skill in the art. In a specific embodiment of the invention, viral vector compositions to be tested using the methods of the present invention may be obtained by processes such as those described in FIGS. 1A, 1B and 1C.

The term ‘measuring or detecting the impact of a viral vector composition’ means evaluating the expression of a biomarker following contact of a target cell or a eukaryotic cell with a viral vector composition.

The terms ‘biomarker’ or ‘biological marker’ mean an indicator of a biological state. It is a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention. As used herein a “biomarker” is a molecular indicator of a specific biological property and as used herein is a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a gene or gene fragment) or an expression product thereof (e.g., a RNA, microRNA, a polypeptide or peptide fragment or variant thereof) whose differential expression (presence, absence, over-expression or under-expression relative to a reference) within a cell predicts the quality of a viral vector composition. An “expression product” as used herein is a transcribed sense or antisense RNA molecule (e.g., an mRNA), or a translated polypeptide corresponding to or derived from a polynucleotide sequence. A “panel” of biomarkers is a selection of two or more combinations of biomarkers.

Biomarkers for characterizing a viral vector composition, according to the invention, include those listed in Tables 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8. Such markers include genes that are found to be regulated by transduction of viral vector compositions into a cell. One or more of these biomarkers, or up to all of the biomarkers, may be used together in any combination in the methods according to the invention.

The terms ‘nucleic acid’ or “polynucleotide” are intended to include DNA molecules such as cDNA or genomic DNA, and RNA molecules, such as mRNA or any fragment of DNA or RNA of interest. These terms refers to deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides and polymers thereof in either single- or double-stranded form including, for example, genomic DNA, cDNA, and mRNA. This term encompasses nucleic acid molecules of both natural and synthetic origin as well as molecules of linear, circular, or branched configuration representing either the sense or antisense strand, or both, of a native nucleic acid molecule. It is understood that such nucleic acids can be unpurified, purified, or attached, for example, to a synthetic material such as a bead or column matrix. The term also encompasses nucleic acids containing known analogues of natural nucleotides that have similar binding properties as the reference nucleic acid and are metabolized in a manner similar to naturally occurring nucleotides. Unless otherwise indicated, a particular nucleic acid sequence also implicitly encompasses conservatively modified variants thereof (e.g., degenerate codon substitutions), polymorphisms, alleles, and complementary sequences as well as the sequence explicitly indicated. The term nucleic acid is used interchangeably with gene, cDNA, and mRNA encoded by a gene or a fragment thereof which is selected as functionally equivalent to the complete molecule.

Accordingly, the present invention provides compositions comprising biomarkers, e.g., nucleic acid molecules and expression products thereof, or means for detecting said biomarkers, wherein the biomarkers are found to be differentially expressed in viral vector transduced cells as compared to non-transduced cells.

Nucleic acid sequences encoding the biomarkers of the invention, are publicly available (for example, accessible in Genbank), known to those of skill in the art, and incorporated herein in their entirety. As described in detail below, such nucleic acid sequences may be used to design probes or primers for use in assays for measuring the levels of biomarker expression in a transduced cell.

Biomarkers according to the invention include substantially identical homologues and variants of the nucleic acid molecules and expression products thereof described herein, for example, a molecule that includes nucleotide sequences encoding polypeptides functionally equivalent to the biomarkers of the invention, e.g, sequences having one or more nucleotide substitutions, additions, or deletions, such as allelic variants or splice variants or species variants or molecules differing from the nucleic acid molecules and polypeptides referred to in the Tables 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, or 8 herein due to the degeneracy of the genetic code.

Other nucleic acids for use in the practice of the invention include those that have sufficient homology to those described herein to detect expression by use of hybridization techniques. Such polynucleotides preferably have about or 95%, about or 96%, about or 97%, about or 98%, or about or 99% identity with the biomarker sequences as described herein. The other polynucleotides for use in the practice of the invention may also be described on the basis of the ability to hybridize to polynucleotides of the invention under stringent conditions of about 30% v/v to about 50% formamide and from about 0.01M to about 0.15M salt for hybridization and from about 0.01M to about 0.15M salt for wash conditions at about 55 to about 65° C., or higher, or conditions equivalent thereto.

The terms ‘polypeptide’ or ‘protein’ refers to a polymer of amino acids without regards to the length of the polymer. Thus, peptides, oligopeptides and proteins are included within the definition of polypeptide. Also included within the definition are polypeptides which contain one or more analogs of an amino acid, polypeptides with substituted linkages, as well as other modifications known in the art, both naturally occurring and non-naturally occurring.

The term ‘cultured cells’ means eukaryotic cells grown under controlled conditions, generally outside of their natural environment, including primary cells, cells lines and transgenic cells The cultured cells may, or may not be, transduced by a viral vector composition. The term ‘target cells’ means cells that are tested for expression of biomarkers by the method of the invention, or the kit of the invention. Target cells are preferably eukaryotic cells, more preferably immortalized cells, primary cells or stem cells. Same type, same culture conditions. For example, target cells are foreskin cells.

In particular, target cells can be permissive or non-permissive cells. The term << permissive cells >> are target cells which are transduced with a viral vector composition at optimal Multiplicity of Infection (MOI) value less than or equal 40. The term << non-permissive cells >> are target cells which are transduced with a viral vector composition at optimal MOI value more than 40.

Multiplicity of infection (MOI) is a frequently used term in virology which refers to the number of virions that are added per cell during infection.

The term “optimal MOI” means the appropriate MOI to transduce target cells. The optimal MOI is determined by a range of MOI on target cells, using a reporter gene expressing viral vector such as reporter gene expressing lentiviral vector. Reporter gene is but not limited to fluorescent reporter gene such as GFP or luminescent reporter gene such as luciferase.

The optimal MOI can be determined by the skilled person, based on several criteria such as, but not limited to:

-   -   Percentage of transduced cells with a reporter gene expression         level,     -   Viability of transduced cells, and/or     -   Reporter gene expression level.

Percentage of transduced cells and reporter gene expression level are determined by methods that are known to one ordinary skill in the art. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the optimal MOI is determined by the MOI corresponding to the highest percentage of transduced cells, a reporter gene expression level sufficient to be detectable and a non-alteration of the viability of transduced cells compared to the viability of non-transduced cells.

For example, optimal MOI for fibroblast cells, such as foreskin fibroblast cells (also called “foreskin cells”), is 40.

The term “transfection” refers to the process of deliberately introducing nucleic acids into cells. The term is used strictly for non-viral methods in eukaryotic cells. Transfection is used in the process of viral vector production when gag-pol and env expressing plasmids are transfected on producer cells to get viral vectors in the supernatant.

The term “transduction” is the process of deliberately introducing nucleic acids into cells. The term is used for viral based methods in eukaryotic cells. Viral vectors are harvested from the producer cells and are contacted with the eukaryotic cells to obtain the finally transduced cells.

The terms “fold change” or “FC” represent the ratio between the expression level of cells transduced with a viral vector composition versus expression level of non-transduced cells or transduced with different batches of viral vector compositions.

The term ‘cellular senescence’ refers to stable cell cycle arrest accompanied by a set of characteristic morphological and physiological features that distinguish senescent cells from proliferating cells, as well as arrested quiescent or terminally differentiated cells (Kosar et al. 2011).

The term ‘SASP’ means “Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype” and is defined as a set of proteins secreted by cells undergoing cellular senescence.

The term “cell cycle” means the sequence of events within the cell between mitotic (cell) divisions. The cell cycle is conventionally divided into five phases: G0 (the gap); G1, (the first gap); S (the synthesis phase, during which the DNA is synthesized and replicated); G2 (the second gap); and M (mitosis).

The present invention provides a novel method for evaluating or measuring the effect of viral vector compositions on target cells, preferably eukaryotic cells by screening for modifications in the expression level of at least one biomarker in said target or eukaryotic cells. The method of the invention can be used to assess the quality of the viral vector compositions by establishing whether the viral vector composition has an impact on cultured cells. The target or eukaryotic cells can be cultured cells transfected to produce the viral vector compositions or cultured cells transduced with the viral vector compositions. The biomarkers can be cellular nucleic acids and/or cellular proteins or their selected fragments. The goal is to determine if viral vector composition itself, rather than the transgene carried by the viral vector, affects cultured cells wherein said affect can depend on the concentration and purity of the viral vector composition. Indeed, to date methods have been lacking for the skilled artisian to compare the effect of viral vector compositions on the viability and/or toxicity of the target or eukaryotic cells.

Moreover, viral vector compositions can have different concentrations and titers. The titre of the composition is a very important parameter of the composition as it determines the Multiplicity of Infection (MOI) applied to cultured cells. The titre determination depends on several factors, i.e the measurement techniques and data processing. Typically, investigators have focused on vector pseudotyping or transduction protocol optimizations to improve the transduction efficiency (Janssens et al., 2003) although the use of higher MOI is the clue to reaching high transduction levels. However, since such a batch B-S induces cell toxicity (Selvaggi et al., 1997; Reiser, 2000; Baekelandt et al., 2003), the results of transduction efficiency with this type of product B-S are always a balance between the transduction level and the resulting toxicity on target cells. Furthermore, another drawback of published retroviral or lentiviral vectors concentrated by classical techniques is the inability of transduced stem cells, particularly for hematopoietic stem cells, to progress down differentiation pathways after transduction. Thus, the present invention provides methods for determining the effect of viral vector compositions, at different MOIs, on transduced cells. The present invention allows one to determine the range of MOI corresponding to a given viral vector composition and also optimize the protocols used for cell transduction. Particularly, the use of biomarkers of the present invention permits one to define the appropriate range of MOI that allows an efficient transduction without inducing deleterious or undesirable effects on transduced cells, as cell cycle arrest or cellular senescence.

To study the mechanisms underlying the cellular response of transduced cells to viral vector compositions, a model system was developed based on the discovery of differentially expressed biomarkers in transduced cells, wherein the pattern of biomarker expression correlates with the quality of the viral vector composition (viral vector without cDNA). Accordingly, the present invention is based on the identification and validation of a number of biomarkers whose expression is modified after contacting with a viral vector composition. The invention is based on data generated with different viral vector compositions (different levels of concentration/purity) and different values of MOI to identify reliable biomarkers to measure the impact of viral vector compositions on cultured eukaryotic cells. In particular, the differences on expression levels of transduced cells genes has been compared between expression levels of non-transduced cells genes versus transduced cells genes with a viral vector without cDNA. Some genes identified as biomarkers are retested via microarrays experiments and/or RT-qPCR quantification of expression level in cells transduced with viral vectors compositions compared to non-transduced cells. For these validation experiments, a particular attention is given to the titration of viral vectors compositions. For example, viral vector compositions are titrated three times at different moments.

The present invention concerns a profile of biomarkers corresponding to molecules which are up or down regulated in transduced target cells, preferably eukaryotic cells, by a viral vector composition according to the invention. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the change in biomarker expression level between non-transduced cells and transduced cells is established at a minimal absolute value of 1.3 FC (fold change ≧1.3) in expression, either a 1.3 fold increase in expression or a 1.3 decrease in expression. The FC value is correlated to the quality of the viral vector composition and to the conditions of transduction, in particular to the MOI. The profile of biomarkers is useful to characterize the biological specific state of the transduced cells according to the invention. The profile comprises the biomarkers of the Table 2, Table 3, Table 4, Table 6, Table 7 and Table 8.

Comparison of gene expression levels between pre-transduced and post-transduced cells identified a gene expression signature composed of over-expressed and under-expressed genes. Accordingly, the present invention provides methods for assessing the quality of a viral vector composition. The methods of the invention rely on measurement of the expression level of one or more predictive RNA transcripts or their expression products in a transduced cell, normalized against the expression level of the RNA transcripts or their expression products in an untransduced cell, or against a reference set of RNA transcripts or their expression products, wherein the predictive RNA transcript is the transcript of one or more genes selected from the group consisting of the genes listed in Table 2, Table 3, Table 4, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8. While individual biomarkers are useful in assessing the quality of a viral vector composition, the combination of biomarkers as proposed herein, enables a more accurate determination of the quality of a biomarker composition.

Expression levels of the biomarkers in a sample may be determined by comparison to a suitable “control” or “reference” sample. For example, the relative expression level of markers in viral vector transduced cell may be determined with reference to the expression level of the same markers in a non-viral vector transduced cell. If the expression level of markers is greater or less than that of the reference, markers expression may be said to be “increased” or “decreased”, respectively. Additionally, it is possible that the expression levels may remain constant between the control or reference and the sample.

The term “significant” change (upregulation or downregulation) is a change in the expression level which is important enough to be interpreted by the skilled person as meaningful. In particular, the change in the expression level is significant when the expression level of the transduced cells doesn't correspond to the expression level in the non-transduced cells taking into account the margin of error. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a significant change in biomarker expression level between non-transduced cells and transduced cells is established at a minimal absolute value of 1.3 FC (fold change ≧1.3) in expression, either a 1.3 fold increase in expression or a 1.3 decrease in expression. This minimal absolute value of 1.3 FC was considered for the first analysis with biochips. For validation experiment, independent t-tests were performed with Benjamini-Hochberg multiple test correction and a corrected p-value<0.05. Probes with absolute value of fold changes (FC)≧1.5 were retained as differentially expressed for both up and down-regulated probes.

Samples for analysis in such methods can be any target cell, preferably eukaryotic cell or eukaryotic cell extract. Such eukaryotic cells include cell lines, cultured cells, primary cells, stem cells.

As described in detail below, expression of the biomarkers within a cell may be evaluated by any suitable means. For example, expression may be evaluated using DNA microarrays. Alternatively, RNA transcripts may be measured using real time PCR, or, when RNA corresponds to a coding gene, protein products may be detected using suitable antibodies. Methods of determining expression levels of genes by these and other methods are known in the art.

In the interest of brevity, Applicants are not expressly listing every possible combination of gene products suitable for use in the methods of the invention. Nevertheless, it should be understood that every such combination is contemplated and is within the scope of the invention. It is specifically envisioned that any combination of gene products listed in Tables 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 or 8 that were found to be differentially expressed between a control or reference, for example, untransduced cells, and the transduced cells may be particularly useful for analysis.

In a particular embodiment, the present invention further provides a method for assessing the quality of a viral vector composition for a transgene transfer into target cells comprising:

(a) measuring the expression level of at least one biomarker selected in the group consisting of CXCL2 and EREG in target cells that has not been contacted with the viral vector composition;

(b) measuring the expression level of said at least one biomarker in target cells following contact with said viral vector composition; and

(c) comparing said biomarker(s) expression in (b) to the biomarker(s) expression in (a) wherein an significant upregulation in biomarker expression level in (b) compared to (a) indicates that the quality of the viral vector composition is insufficient.

By “transgene”, it is more specifically intended any nucleic acid of interest. A transgene is but not limited to reporter gene (GFP, luciferase . . . ), any gene or combination of gene(s) portion(s) or sequence of interest such as shRNA (short hairpin RNA) or miRNA (micro RNA).

The term “insufficient” quality means that the viral vector composition to be tested modifies some characteristics of the transduced cells compared to non-transduced cells. Examples of modified characteristics are but not limited to the proliferation and/or the viability of the transduced cells compared to non-transduced cells. In particular, these characteristics are not modified when the viral vector composition is a concentrated and purified viral vector composition, such as a viral vector composition produced without serum, concentrated and purified by tangential ultrafiltration and diafiltration, such as obtained by the method described in patent application WO 2013/014537.

More specifically, said method for production of viral vector composition comprises the steps of:

-   -   transfection of a producer cell, modified to complement         deletions in the RNA viral genome upon which the viral vector is         based, and culturing the producer cells under suitable         conditions to permit the production of viral vector particles,         wherein said culturing following transfection is conducted in         serum free medium;     -   collecting the supernatant containing said viral vector         particles; and     -   purifying the supernatant by tangential ultrafiltration and         diafiltration, the ultrafiltration being preferably operated on         polysulfone hollow-fiber cartridges.

In particular, this method of production of viral vector composition doesn't comprise any step of sodium butyrate induction.

Advantageously, the supernatant collection is performed by multiple steps comprised between 3 and 6, at specific time intervals. The supernatant collection is followed by clarification by centrifugation.

The method of production may further comprise a step of ion-exchange chromatography.

This method of production allows obtaining a purified viral vector composition comprising less than 2% of initial protein contaminants and 10 to 30%, preferably less than 10%, of initial DNA contaminants, compare to the crude viral vector composition as present in the cell serum free medium.

In particular, said viral vector composition is capable of transducing target cells, in particular eukaryotic cells, without affecting cell viability and/or have little to no effect on cell proliferation, viability, and/or the ability of cells, such as stem cells to differentiate or such as primary cells to be reprogrammed into pluripotent cells.

More particularly, in the viral vector composition obtained by the above mentioned production method, the physical particles/transducing units (PP/TU) is usually comprised of between 100:1 up to 900:1, preferably between 100:1 up to 600:1, more preferably between 100:1 up to 400:1.

In the present method for assessing the quality of a viral vector composition for a transgene transfer into target cells, a significant upregulation at high MOI is preferably a two fold upregulation compared to (a).

Advantageously, the expression level of the at least one biomarker can be measured by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR)

The term “high MOI” means a very higher MOI than the optimal MOI. The high MOI is determined by a range of MOI using a reporter gene expressing viral vector such as reporter gene expressing lentiviral vector. Reporter gene is but not limited to fluorescent reporter gene such as GFP or luminescent reporter gene such as luciferase.

Preferably, the high MOI corresponds to:

-   -   at least three times the optimal MOI for non-permissive cells,     -   at least four times for permissive cells.

For example, high MOI for fibroblast cells, such as foreskin fibroblast cells, is at least 120, such as 150.

The method for assessing the quality of a viral vector composition for a transgene transfer into target cells can further comprise a step of:

(d) measuring the expression level of at least one biomarker selected in the group consisting of ASPM, AURKB, CENPA, CENPF, CKS1B, E2F8, ERCC6L, FAM83D, KIFC1, MKI67, NEK2, NUSAP1, OIP5, PRC1, RRM2, SGOL1, SPC25, TOP2A and TTK in target cells that has not been contacted with the viral vector composition;

(e) measuring the expression level of said at least one biomarker in target cells following contact with said viral vector composition; and

(f) comparing said biomarker(s) expression in (e) to the biomarker(s) expression in (d) wherein an significant downregulation in biomarker expression level in (e) compared to (d) indicates that the quality of the viral vector composition is insufficient.

More particularly, a significant downregulation at optimal MOI is a 1.5 fold downregulation compared to (d).

Advantageously, the expression level of the at least one biomarker can be measured by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR).

The method according to the present invention can further comprise a step of:

(g) measuring the expression level of at least one biomarker selected in the group consisting of CXCL2 and EREG in target cells following contact with a control viral vector composition; and

(h) comparing said biomarker(s) expression in (g) to the biomarker(s) expression in (a), wherein no significant differential expression in biomarker(s) has to be detected in (g) compared to (a).

This significant differential expression in biomarker(s) has not to be detected even at high MOI.

The term “control viral vector composition” means a highly concentrated and purified viral vector composition. It can be obtained by, but not limited to single or successive tangential ultrafiltration diafiltration, by ion-exchange chromatography, exclusion chromatography. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the control viral vector composition is such as obtained by the process of production described in patent application WO 2013/014537 (see for example “batch C” in this PCT application) and/or described above.

The method according to the present invention can further comprise a step of:

(j) measuring the expression level of at least one biomarker selected in the group consisting of ASPM, AURKB, CENPA, CENPF, CKS1B, E2F8, ERCC6L, FAM83D, KIFC1, MKI67, NEK2, NUSAP1, OIP5, PRC1, RRM2, SGOL1, SPC25, TOP2A and TTK in target cells following contact with a control viral vector composition; and

(k) comparing said biomarker(s) expression in (j) to the biomarker(s) expression in (d) wherein a potential downregulation in biomarker expression level in (j) compared to (d) has to be detected.

More particularly, the potential downregulation in biomarker expression level in (j) compared to (d) is at least 1.5 times less than the downregulation in biomarker expression level in (e) compared to (d) at high MOI.

The method according to the present invention can further comprise beforehand a step of titration of the viral vector composition and the control viral vector composition.

Titers of viruses in general, and lentiviral based vectors in particular, depend on the method and cells used for titration. The quantification of vector particles capable of achieving the steps of the transduction pathway from cell entry to gene integration and gene expression depends on the vector itself and cell characteristics.

Concerning the cells used for vector titration, it is important to ensure that the target cells are readily permissive, as it was demonstrated that the permissivity of all the cell types are not equivalent. Another point is that the transduction efficiency must be easily monitored for reliable quantification for any transgenes and vectors over time. Here, in each titration experiment a standard GFP expressing lentiviral vector is quantified in terms of efficient units both by FACS (represented by the number of Transducing Units per ml TU/ml) and qPCR (represented by the number of Integrated Genome per ml IG/ml) after HCT116 transduction with serial dilutions of the vectors according to the material and methods as set forth above. Both results give a relative number of efficient particles for transduction but their respective absolute numbers do not give the same titer depending on the PCR itself and the target sequence used for amplification. These data show that it can be difficult to compare precisely these different approaches based on the functional titers in the absence of standardized methods. It can thus be of interest to include a control viral vector composition in the present method. Said control viral vector composition is thus a reference batch with preferably a known titer and a define target cell type.

In parallel, the determination of total particles is quantified with the P24 Elisa kit to estimate the total vector particles, even those that do not contain any genomic RNA and/or that are devoid of envelope proteins. Both titers are useful to determine the ratio between the physical particles PP that reflect the total particles and the biological titer that gives the real transduction ability. This ratio gives an estimation of the vector purity and integrity. Another ratio is used to reflect the vector integrity or infectivity and is expressed as the number of IG per ng P24 (1 ng of P24 corresponds to 107 PP).

Advantageously, in the method according to the invention, the measures of the biomarker expression level are performed before the cells reach confluency.

Preferably, the target cells are eukaryotic cells and are transduced by a lentiviral vector composition.

To determine the (increased, decreased) expression levels of the above described biomarkers in the practice of the present invention, any method known in the art may be utilized. In one preferred embodiment of the invention, expression based on detection of RNA which hybridizes to a “probe” or “primer” specific for the biomarkers described herein is used. A “probe” or “primer” is a single-stranded DNA or RNA molecule of defined sequence that can base pair to a second DNA or RNA molecule that contains a complementary sequence (the target). The stability of the resulting hybrid molecule depends upon the extent of the base pairing that occurs, and is affected by parameters such as the degree of complementarity between the probe and target molecule, and the degree of stringency of the hybridization conditions. The degree of hybridization stringency is affected by parameters such as the temperature, salt concentration, and concentration of organic molecules, such as formamide, and is determined by methods that are known to those skilled in the art.

Probes or primers specific for the nucleic acid biomarkers described herein, or portions thereof, may vary in length by any integer from at least 8 nucleotides to over 500 nucleotides depending on the purpose for which, and conditions under which, the probe or primer is used. Probes or primers specific for the nucleic acid biomarkers described herein may have greater than 20-30% sequence identity, or at least 55-75% sequence identity, or at least 75-85% sequence identity, or at least 85-99% sequence identity, or 100% sequence identity to the nucleic acid biomarkers described herein. Probes or primers may be derived from genomic DNA or cDNA, for example, by amplification, or from cloned DNA segments, and may contain either genomic DNA or cDNA sequences representing all or a portion of a single gene from a single individual. Probes or primers may be chemically synthesized.

A probe or primer may hybridize to a nucleic acid biomarker under high stringency conditions as described herein. “Stringent hybridization conditions” as used herein mean conditions under which a first nucleic acid sequence (e.g., probe) will hybridize to a second nucleic acid sequence (e.g., target), such as in a complex mixture of nucleic acids. Stringent conditions are sequence-dependent and will be different in different circumstances. Stringent conditions may be selected to be about 5-10° C. Lower than the thermal melting point (Tm) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength pH. The Tm may be the temperature (under defined ionic strength, pH, and nucleic concentration) at which 50% of the probes complementary to the target hybridize to the target sequence at equilibrium (as the target sequences are present in excess, at Tm, 50% of the probes are occupied at equilibrium). Stringent conditions may be those in which the salt concentration is less than about 1.0 M sodium ion, such as about 0.01-1.0 M sodium ion concentration (or other salts) at pH 7.0 to 8.3 and the temperature is at least about 30° C. for short probes (e.g., about 10-50 nucleotides) and at least about 60° C. for long probes (e.g., greater than about 50 nucleotides). Stringent conditions may also be achieved with the addition of destabilizing agents such as formamide. For selective or specific hybridization, a positive signal may be at least 2 to 10 times background hybridization. Exemplary stringent hybridization conditions include the following: 50% formamide, 5×SSC, and 1% SDS, incubating at 42° C., or, 5×SSC, 1% SDS, incubating at 65° C., with wash in 0.2×SSC, and 0.1% SDS at 65° C.

Probes or primers can be detectably-labeled, either radioactively or non-radioactively, by methods that are known to those skilled in the art. By “detectably labeled” is meant any means for marking and identifying the presence of a molecule, e.g., an oligonucleotide probe or primer, a gene or fragment thereof, or a cDNA molecule. Methods for detectably-labeling a molecule are well known in the art and include, without limitation, radioactive labeling (e.g., with an isotope such as 32P or 35S) and nonradioactive labeling such as, enzymatic labeling (for example, using horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase), chemiluminescent labeling, fluorescent labeling (for example, using fluorescein), bioluminescent labeling, or antibody detection of a ligand attached to the probe. Also included in this definition is a molecule that is detectably labeled by an indirect means, for example, a molecule that is bound with a first moiety (such as biotin) that is, in turn, bound to a second moiety that may be observed or assayed (such as fluorescein-labeled streptavidin). Labels also include digoxigenin, luciferases, and aequorin.

Probes or primers can be used in biomarker detection methods involving nucleic acid hybridization, such as nucleic acid sequencing, nucleic acid amplification by the polymerase chain reaction (e.g., RT-PCR), single stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis, restriction fragment polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, Southern hybridization, northern hybridization, in situ hybridization, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and other methods that are known to those skilled in the art.

A preferred biomarker detection method is reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR).

A preferred embodiment using a nucleic acid based assay to determine biomarker expression is by immobilization of one or more biomarker sequences identified herein on a solid support, including, but not limited to, a solid substrate as an array or to beads or bead based technology as known in the art. Alternatively, solution based expression assays known in the art may also be used. The immobilized sequence(s) may be in the form of polynucleotides as described herein such that the polynucleotide would be capable of hybridizing to a DNA or RNA corresponding to the biomarker sequence(s).

The immobilized polynucleotide(s) may be used to determine the biomarker expression signature in a sample of transduced and non-transduced cells. The immobilized polynucleotide(s) need only be sufficient to specifically hybridize to the corresponding nucleic acid molecules derived from the sample (and to the exclusion of detectable or significant hybridization to other nucleic acid molecules).

In embodiments where only one or a few biomarkers are to be analyzed, the nucleic acid derived from a sample isolated from cells may be preferentially amplified by use of appropriate primers such that only the genes to be analyzed are amplified to reduce contaminating background signals from other genes expressed in the cell. Alternatively, and where multiple genes are to be analyzed or where very few cells (or one cell) is used, the nucleic acid from the sample may be globally amplified before hybridization to the immobilized polynucleotides. Of course RNA, or the cDNA counterpart thereof may be directly labeled and used, without amplification, by methods known in the art.

A biochip may be used in the practice of the invention.

In particular, the present invention provides a biochip consisting of at least a biomarker selected in the group consisting of CXCL2 and EREG and at least one biomarker selected in the group consisting of ASPM, AURKB, CENPA, CENPF, CKS1B, E2F8, ERCC6L, FAM83D, KIFC1, MKI67, NEK2, NUSAP1, OIP5, PRC1, RRM2, SGOL1, SPC25, TOP2A and TTK with optionally a ubiquitous gene.

The biochip may comprise a solid substrate comprising an attached probe or plurality of probes described herein. The probes may be capable of hybridizing to a target sequence under stringent hybridization conditions. The probes may be attached at spatially defined sites on the substrate. More than one probe per target sequence may be used, with either overlapping probes or probes to different sections of a particular target sequence. The probes may either be synthesized first, with subsequent attachment to the biochip, or may be directly synthesized on the biochip.

The solid substrate may be a material that may be modified to contain discrete individual sites appropriate for the attachment or association of the probes and is amenable to at least one detection method. Representative examples of substrates include glass and modified or functionalized glass, plastics (including acrylics, polystyrene and copolymers of styrene and other materials, polypropylene, polyethylene, polybutylene, polyurethanes, Teflon J, etc.), polysaccharides, nylon or nitrocellulose, resins, silica or silica-based materials including silicon and modified silicon, carbon, metals, inorganic glasses and plastics. The substrates may allow optical detection without appreciably fluorescing.

Biomarker expression may also be measured based on detection of a presence, increase, or decrease in protein levels or activity may also be used. Antibody based detection methods are well known in the art and include sandwich and ELISA assays as well as Western blot and flow cytometry based assays as non-limiting examples. Antibodies for use in such methods of detection include polyclonal antibodies and monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to the biomarkers of Tables 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8.

Preferably, the antibodies for use in such methods of detection include polyclonal antibodies and monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to at least one biomarker selected in the group consisting of CXCL2 and EREG and/or at least one biomarker selected in the group consisting of ASPM, AURKB, CENPA, CENPF, CKS1B, E2F8, ERCC6L, FAM83D, KIFC1, MKI67, NEK2, NUSAP1, OIP5, PRC1, RRM2, SGOL1, SPC25, TOP2A and TTK.

Such antibodies, as well as fragments thereof (including but not limited to Fab fragments) function to detect such biomarkers in cells by virtue of their ability to specifically bind to such polypeptides to the exclusion of other polypeptides to produce a detectable signal. Recombinant, synthetic, and hybrid antibodies with the same ability may also be used in the practice of the invention.

In a preferred embodiment, biomarker expression may also be measured by RT-qPCR. The present invention still further provides a RT-qPCR plate comprising primers of at least a biomarker selected in the group consisting of CXCL2 and EREG and primers of at least one biomarker selected in the group consisting of ASPM, AURKB, CENPA, CENPF, CKS1B, E2F8, ERCC6L, FAM83D, KIFC1, MKI67, NEK2, NUSAP1, OIP5, PRC1, RRM2, SGOL1, SPC25, TOP2A and TTK.

Example of primers that can be used in the RT-qPCR plate for EREG and CXCL2 are given in Table 10.

The present invention is based on the identification and the validation of target cell biomarkers that can be used to assess the quality of a viral vector composition. In a preferred embodiment, the biomarkers are selected from those genes listed in Table 2, Table 3, Table 4, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8. As described in detail below, three families of biomarkers were identified: (i) biomarkers associated with senescence, (ii) biomarkers associated with the cell cycle, and (iii) others biomarkers found to be associated with the quality of the viral vector compositions.

To identify these biomarkers, gene expression was determined using different viral vector compositions obtained as follows. Producer cells were tri-transfected with plasmids constructs as described in FIG. 1C, according to standard techniques well known to those skilled in the art. Such techniques include, for example, the calcium phosphate technique, the DEAE-dextran technique, electroporation, methods based on osmotic shock, microinjection or methods based on the use of liposomes. In a specific embodiment of the invention, the cells may be transfected using a calcium precipitation method. Such a method is preferred when 293T cells are the producer cells of choice but equivalent cells may also be used.

Following transfection, the cells are incubated in serum free media for production of batch A, B C and D (FIG. 1B). Batch B-S is produced with 10% serum (FIG. 1A) Cells are incubated for a time sufficient to allow for the efficient production of viral particles. The incubation time following transfection, depends on a combination of factors including, for example, the type of viral vector used and the producer cell line of choice. In a specific embodiment of the invention, multiple harvests may take place following incubation. For example, four or more vector harvests may take place. To determine, the most productive incubation conditions, small batch experiments may be performed to determine optimized conditions for generating the highest titre and purest batch of viral particles.

The initial culture supernatant, containing viral vector particles, is referred to herein as, batch A. The batch B is obtained by commonly used prior art concentration methods (FIG. 1A) such as a concentration step by ultrafiltration using centrifugation ready-to-use units on the post clarification harvest. The method of obtaining a viral vector composition may further comprise the step of tangential ultrafiltration diafiltration of the batch A product for further purification of viral vector particles. Such an ultrafiltration diafiltration step is a type of membrane filtration in which hydrostatic pressure forces a liquid against a semi-permeable membrane. Suspended solids and solutes of higher molecular weight than the membrane cut off are retained, while water and lower molecular weight than the membrane cut off solutes pass through the membrane. Ultrafiltration technique is carried out by tangential flow ultrafiltration using polysulfone hollow-fiber cartridges. Such a technique allows for monitoring and adapting the pressure to ensure the maintenance of vector integrity and viability. Such a step provides for concentration of the vector particles, as well as acting as a purification step for removal of initial contaminants, such as host cell proteins and nucleic acids, from the collected batch. Such a batch is referred to herein as batch C.

In yet another embodiment of the invention, following the tangential ultrafiltration and/or diafiltration step, the method of obtaining a viral vector composition may further comprise the step of ion-exchange chromatography which may be performed to further concentrate and purify the viral vector particles. Such a batch is referred to herein as batch D.

Biomarkers have been identified by analyzing microarray experiments targeting the nucleic acids of cells, for example, human foreskin fibroblast cells transduced with batches B (obtained by process B), C (obtained by process C), B-S (obtained by process B with serum), UC or UC-S (obtained in presence of serum and concentrated by ultracentrifugation) or non-transduced (NT).

In a specific embodiment of the invention, genes involved in cellular senescence have been identified as useful biomarkers for determining the quality of a viral vector composition. Senescence is a permanent state of cell cycle arrest that, unlike quiescence, is unresponsive to growth factors (Young et al.). Originally described in terms of the replicative exhaustion of cultured fibroblasts, it has since been shown that senescence can occur prematurely upon a plethora of cellular stresses. Cellular senescence occurs in culture and in vivo as a response to excessive extracellular or intracellular stress. Induction of DNA damage response and chromatin remodeling of the INK4a/ARF locus are two of the mechanisms behind senescence induction. Li et al. (2009) demonstrated that cell culture conditions during reprogramming enhance the expression of the Ink4/Arf locus, further highlighting the importance of silencing this locus to allow proliferation and efficient reprogramming. Limiting senescence by using a highly purified vector suspension to overexpress combinations of factors such as Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc may have a profound positive effect on the efficiency of iPS cell generation, increasing both the kinetics of reprogramming and the number of emerging iPS cell colonies.

The present invention discloses the use of genes involved in the senescence phenotype to evaluate the impact of viral vector compositions on target cells. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the biomarker involved in cellular senescence phenotype listed in Table 5 or Table 6.

The senescent phenotype is not limited to an arrest of cell proliferation. A senescent cell is a potentially persisting cell that is metabolically active and has undergone widespread changes in protein expression and secretion, ultimately developing the senescence-associated secretory phenotype or SASP (Coppé et al. 2010). The SASP includes several families of soluble and insoluble factors. SASP factors can be soluble signaling factors (interleukins, chemokines, and growth factors), secreted proteases, and secreted insoluble proteins/extracellular matrix components (Coppé et al. 2010). Senescent cells develop altered secretory activities that may induce changes in the tissue microenvironment, relaxing its control over cell behavior and promoting tumorigenesis (Coppé et al. 2010). In cell culture, cell cycle arrest typically leads to senescence, because the cell is over-stimulated by serum, nutrients, oncogenes and so on (Blagosklonny, 2011). The present invention discloses the use of genes involved in SASP to evaluate the impact of viral vector compositions on target cells in contact with such compositions. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, biomarkers associated with SASP, include those listed in Table 7.

In a specific embodiment of the invention, genes involved in cell cycle have been identified as useful biomarkers for determining the quality of a viral vector composition. Cell division consists of two consecutive processes, mainly characterized by DNA replication and segregation of replicated chromosomes into two separate cells. Originally, cell division was divided into two stages: mitosis (M), i.e. the process of nuclear division; and interphase, the interlude between two M phases. Stages of mitosis include prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Under the microscope, interphase cells simply grow in size, but different techniques revealed that the interphase includes G1, S and G2 phases. Replication of DNA occurs in a specific part of the interphase called S phase. S phase is preceded by a gap called G1 during which the cell is preparing for DNA synthesis and is followed by a gap called G2 during which the cell prepares for mitosis. G1, S, G2 and M phases are the traditional subdivisions of the standard cell cycle. Cells in G1 can, before commitment to DNA replication, enter a resting state called G0. Cells in G0 account for the major part of the non-growing, non-proliferating cells in the human body. The present invention discloses the use of genes involved in cell cycle to evaluate the impact of viral vector compositions on target cells in contact with such compositions. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, biomarkers associated with cell cycle, include those listed in Table 2, Table 3, Table 4. In a more preferred embodiment of the present invention, the screening of the modification is realized on expression level of at least one biomarker associated to cell cycle, listed in Table 4.

The present invention further discloses a class of biomarkers whose expression level in the target cells is modulated depending on the quality, i.e concentration and purification, of the viral vector compositions used. The impact of viral vector compositions having different qualities and obtained by different processes was investigated to select a novel class of biomarkers. The viral vector compositions were obtained by the processes described in FIGS. 1A and 1B. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the use of genes listed in Table 8, may be used to evaluate the impact of viral vector compositions on target cells in contact with such compositions.

The invention also provides kits for measuring the level of biomarker expression in a sample of transduced cells. The kits may include one or more reagents corresponding to the biomarkers described herein, e.g., antibodies that specifically bind the biomarkers, recombinant proteins that bind biomarker specific antibodies, nucleic acid probes or primers that hybridize to the biomarkers, etc. In some embodiments, the kits may include a plurality of reagents, e.g., on an array, corresponding to the biomarkers described herein. The kits may include detection reagents, e.g., reagents that are detectably labeled. The kits may include written instructions for use of the kit in predicting the quality of a viral vector composition, and may include other reagents and information such as control or reference standards, wash solutions, analysis software, etc.

The present invention discloses a method for screening or detecting a nuclear or a cellular response in eukaryotic cells transduced with a viral vector composition comprising (i) measuring the expression level of one or more biomarkers in a eukaryotic cell that has not been contacted with a viral vector composition; (ii) measuring the expression level of one or more biomarkers in a eukaryotic cell following contact with a viral vector composition; and (iii) comparing the biomarker(s) expression in (i) to the biomarker(s) expression in (ii) wherein a change in biomarker expression level between (i) and (ii) indicates a cellular response and wherein said cellular response is correlated to the quality of the viral vector composition. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the expressed one or more biomarker is a nucleic acid expressed within the eukaryotic cells in contact with a viral vectors composition.

In another embodiment of the invention, the expressed one or more biomarker is a polypeptide expressed within the eukaryotic in contact with viral vectors composition.

In a specific embodiment of the invention, the biomarker is a gene involved in the senescence biological process. Preferably, the biomarker involved in senescence is a gene of the SASP family. More preferably, the biomarker is selected from Table 7.

In a specific embodiment of the invention the biomarker is a gene of cell cycle family. Particularly, the biomarker is a gene selected from Table 2, Table 3, Table 4. More particularly, the biomarker is selected from the genes listed in Table 8.

In another embodiment of the invention, the biomarker is selected from Table 2, Table 3, Table 4, Table 7 and/or Table 8.

In one embodiment of the invention the viral vector composition is transduced into the eukaryotic cell. In another embodiment of the invention, eukaryotic cells are transduced by a lentiviral vector composition. In a specific embodiment of the invention, the eukaryotic cells are immortalized cells, primary cells or stem cells.

The present invention discloses a method for measuring or detecting the effects of a viral vector composition on eukaryotic cells according to claim 1 comprising:

(i) contacting said cells with a viral composition of interest,

(ii) measuring the level of biomarker expression in said cultured cells; and

(iii) optionally characterizing the biomarkers specific of the modifications of the nuclear or of the cytoplasmic expressions in said cells.

The present invention discloses a kit for measuring the expression of a biomarker associated with the transduction of a viral vector composition comprising one or more reagents corresponding to recognition of the biomarkers of Table 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8. Preferably, the reagent corresponds to the recognition of nucleic acids encoding the biomarkers of Table 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8. More preferably, the reagent corresponds to the recognition of polypeptides of Table 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8.

In a preferred embodiment, the kit comprises one or more reagents able to measure the expression level of at least one biomarker selected in the group consisting of CXCL2 and EREG.

Advantageously, said kit further comprises one or more reagents able to measure the expression level of at least one biomarker selected in the group consisting of ASPM, AURKB, CENPA, CENPF, CKS1B, E2F8, ERCC6L, FAM83D, KIFC1, MKI67, NEK2, NUSAP1, OIP5, PRC1, RRM2, SGOL1, SPC25, TOP2A and TTK.

Preferably, said kit can also further comprise a control viral vector composition.

The present invention discloses a biomarker composition useful for the measurement or detection of the effect of a viral vector composition on eukaryotic cells comprising at least one of the products selected among the genes or the polypeptides present in Table 2, Table 3, Table 4, Table 5, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8. Preferably, the biomarker composition comprises at least one of the products selected among the genes or the polypeptides present in Table 3, Table 4, Table 7, Table 8.

Examples below are given with reference to the following figures and tables:

FIGURES

FIG. 1A. Common vector production method with serum by state of art processes. FIG. 1B. Viral vector concentration and purification process used to obtain the viral vector compositions B and C. The different processes are sequential (from A to D corresponding to the obtaining of batches A to D) to meet the target cells concentration and purification requirements: immortalized cells (A), primary and stem cells (C) and in vivo injection (D). Process B (corresponding to obtained batch B) represents the state of the art process. FIG. 1C. Plasmid harboring gag and pol genes, envelope expressing helper plasmid and transgene expression plasmid without cDNA.

FIG. 2A. Summary of batch B and C titers used for the transcriptomics study. Characteristics of rLV-EF1 without cDNA batches B and C used for the transcriptomics study. (1) Transducing units (TU) were determined by qPCR. (2) Physical particles (PP) were quantified by HIV-p24 ELISA in order to determine PP/TU ratio. FIG. 2B. Foreskin cells growth 48 h post-transduction with batch B and C vectors. Foreskin cells 48 hours after transduction with an empty cassette carrying lentiviral vector (rLV-EF1 without cDNA) at MOI 40 or MOI 150. Batch B and C of rLV-EF1 were derived from the same crude harvest.

FIG. 3A. Scatterplot of differential probes in cells transduced with batch B at MOI 150 vs non-transduced cells. Scatterplot representing differentially expressed probes, with an absolute value of FC≧1.5, in rLV-EF1 batch B transduced cells at MOI 150 versus non-transduced cells. X-axis represents normalized intensities for Non-Transduced (NT) cells, and Y-axis normalized intensities for Transduced (T) cells. Very light grey tone lines are fold change lines representing fold changes values of −2, 1 and 2. FIG. 3B. Scatterplot of differential probes in cells transduced with batch C at MOI 150 vs non-transduced cells. Scatterplot representing differentially expressed probes, with an absolute value of FC≧1.5, in rLV-EF1 batch C transduced cells at MOI 150 versus non-transduced cells. X-axis represents normalized intensities for Non-Transduced (NT) cells, and Y-axis normalized intensities for Transduced (T) cells. Very light grey tone lines are fold change lines representing fold changes values of −2, 1 and 2.

FIG. 4. Venn diagram: downregulated probes in cells transduced with batch B vs non-transduced cells and downregulated probes in cells transduced with batch C vs non-transduced cells MOI 150. Venn diagram showing the intersection between the list of downregulated probes (FC≦−1.5) in cells transduced with batch B at MOI 150 compared to non-transduced cells, and the list of downregulated probes (FC≦−1.5) in cells transduced with batch C at MOI 150 compared to non-transduced cells.

FIG. 5. Profile plot of cell cycle probes in cells transduced with batch B versus non-transduced cells at MOI 150 with FC≦−3. Profile plot representing differential probes having FC≦−3 when comparing batch B transduced cells at MOI 150 with non-transduced cells. A baseline transformation was applied on intensity values before representing data. Normalized intensity values are plotted in the following conditions: batch B transduced at MOI 150 cells, batch C transduced cells at MOI 150, non-transduced cell.

FIG. 6A. RT-qPCR validation of the downregulation of 5 cell cycle genes in cells transduced with rLV-EF1 batch B at MOI 150 and cells transduced with rLV-EF1 batch C at MOI 150 compared to non-transduced cells. RT-qPCR was performed on RNA from rLV-EF1 batch B and rLV-EF1 batch C transduced cells at MOI 150 and RNA from non-transduced cells. RT-qPCR fold changes, calculated from threshold cycle (Ct) values in each condition versus values in non-transduced cells, using the 2-ΔΔCT method, are plotted in the 3 conditions (NT: Non-Transduced cells, Batch C: rLV-EF1 batch C transduced cells at MOI 150, Batch B: rLV-EF1 batch B transduced cells at MOI 150). FIG. 6B. Comparison of Fold Changes values obtained with RT-qPCR and from microarray experiments for the 5 previously cited validated genes. All fold changes are calculated comparing expression values in cells transduced with rLV-EF1 batch B or batch C at MOI 150 versus expression values in the non-transduced cells. (1) HUGO Gene symbol, (2) Batch used for transduction at MOI 150, (3) Fold Change value calculated from Ct values using the 2-ΔΔCT method and transformed into equivalent negative value (−1/FC), (4) Fold change value from microarray experiment.

FIG. 7A. Cells transduced with batch B obtained with serum (batch B-S) compared to non-transduced cells. Foreskin cells 48 hours after transduction with an empty cassette carrying lentiviral vector (rLV-EF1 without cDNA) produced in the presence of serum at MOI 40 and MOI 150. FIG. 7B. Characteristics of batch B-S of rLV-EF1 without cDNA used for the transcriptomics study. (1) Transducing units (TU) were determined by qPCR. (2) Physical particles (PP) were quantified by HIV-p24 ELISA in order to determine PP/TU ratio.

FIG. 8. Scatterplot of differential probes in cells transduced with batch B obtained with serum (B-S) versus non-transduced cells at MOI 150. Scatterplot representing differentially expressed probes, with an absolute value of FC≧1.5, in rLV-EF1 without cDNA batch B-S transduced cells at MOI 150 versus non-transduced cells. X-axis represents normalized intensities for Non-Transduced (NT) cells, and Y-axis normalized intensities for Transduced (T) cells. Very light grey tone lines are fold change lines representing fold changes values of −2, 1 and 2.

FIG. 9. Scatterplot of differential probes in cells transduced with batch B obtained with serum (B-S) versus non-transduced cells at MOI 40. Scatterplot representing differentially expressed probes, with an absolute value of FC≧1.5, in rLV-EF1 without cDNA batch B-S transduced cells at MOI 40 versus non-transduced cells. X-axis represents normalized intensities for Non-Transduced (NT) cells, and Y-axis normalized intensities for Transduced (T) cells. Very light grey tone lines are fold change lines representing fold changes values of −2, 1 and 2.

FIG. 10. Venn diagram: Modulated probes in cells transduced with batch B obtained with serum (B-S) at MOI 150 vs non-transduced cells and modulated probes in cells transduced with batch B obtained with serum (B-S) at MOI 40 vs non-transduced cells. Venn diagram showing the intersection between the list of differentially expressed probes (absolute value of FC≧1.5) in cells transduced with batch B-S at MOI 150 compared to non-transduced cells, and the list of differentially expressed probes (absolute value of FC≧1.5) in cells transduced with batch B-S at MOI 40 compared to non-transduced cells.

FIG. 11. Profile plot representing probes impacted in cells transduced with batch B obtained with serum (B-S) at MOI40 and 150 and not differential in cells transduced with batches B and C, at MOI40 and 150. Profile plot representing probes that were differentially expressed in cells transduced with rLV-EF1 without cDNA batch B-S at MOI 40 and MOI 150 compared to non-transduced (NT) cells, and that were not differential in cells transduced with rLV-EF1 without cDNA batch B and C transduced cells at MOI 40 and 150 compared to non-transduced cells. By “not differential”, is meant that the FC absolute value is <1.3. A baseline transformation was applied on intensity values before representing data. B-40: cells transduced with batch B at MOI40. B-150: cells transduced with batch B at MOI150. C-40: cells transduced with batch C at MOI40. C-150: cells transduced with batch C at MOI 150. NT: non transduced cells. B-S-40: cells transduced with batch B obtained with serum at MOI 40. B-S-150: cells transduced with batch B obtained with serum at MOI 40.

FIG. 12. Characterization of rLV-EF1-GFP vectors batch used (B, C, B-S and UC).

FIG. 13. Photos of Foreskin fibroblast cells transduced with rLV-EF1-GFP vectors. Cells were observed 48 hours after transduction.

FIG. 14. Probe selected in FIG. 5 (downregulated cell cycle genes with FC<=−3 with B-MCS-MOI150 vs NT) represented in the following conditions: NT, B-GFP-MOI40, C-GFP-MOI40.

FIG. 15. Profile plot showing behavior of probes corresponding to table 3 after transduction with rLV-EF1-GFP batch B and C at MOI 40 versus Non Transduced (NT) cells.

FIG. 16. Profile plot representing the probes corresponding to the 18 genes from table 4 and MK167 after transduction with rLV-EF1-GFP vector at MOI 40.

FIG. 17. Profile plot representing the 18 cell cycle genes from table 4 and MK167 after transduction with rLV-EF1-GFP vector (B, B-S and C) at MOI 40.

FIGS. 18A-18D. Validation of some cell cycle genes as biomarkers by RT-qPCR. mRNA relative quantification values are represented as mean±SD calculated from 3 samples per condition. Fold change values for each condition compared to NT are indicated above each diagram bar when differences are significant (t-test unpaired, p-value<0.05).

FIGS. 19A-19C. Validation of CXCL2 and EREG genes as biomarkers by RT-qPCR. mRNA relative quantification values are represented as mean±SD calculated from 3 samples per condition. Fold change values for each condition compared to NT are indicated above each diagram bar when differences are significant (t-test unpaired, p-value<0.05).

TABLES

Table 1.

Primers used for RT-qPCR validations. For each tested gene and the GAPDH reference gene (represented by their respective gene symbol), the sequences of the forward and reverse primers are shown.

SEQ SEQ Gene ID ID symbol Forward primer sequence No. Reverse primer sequence No. CENPA TATTGGCCCTACAAGAGGCAGCAG 22 GCCAGTTGCACATCCTTTGGGAAG 23 E2F8 ACGAAGTGGCAGAGGAACTTAATG 24 AGGCGGCTCACCATATGTAAACTC 25 MKI67 AGCACCTGCTTGTTTGGAAGGG 26 ACACAACAGGAAGCTGGATACGG 27 NEK2 AGATCCGGAGGAAGAGTGATGG 28 TGTTTCTCAGCTTCTGTCATGGAG 29 AURKB TGAGAGTGCATCACACAACGAGAC 30 GGGAACTTTAGGTCCACCTTGACG 31 GADPH GAGTCAACGGATTTGGTCGT 32 GACAAGCTTCCCGTTCTCAG 33

Table 2.

Cell cycle genes sorted by increasing Fold Change. Cell cycle genes downregulated in cells transduced with rLV-EF1 without cDNA batch B and batch C at MOI 150 compared to non-transduced cells. (1) HUGO gene symbol (2) Gene description from NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) (3) Agilent Probe Identifier, (4) Nucleic sequence Accession Number from the NCBI database RefSeq RNA, (5) Gene Ontology (GO) category “M phase of mitotic cell cycle”, (6) GO “G1 phase” category, (7) GO “G2 phase” category, (8) GO “S phase” category, (9) GO “G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle” category, (10) GO “G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle” category, (11) GO “M/G1 transition of mitotic cell cycle” category. Genes are sorted by increasing values of Fold Change in batch B transduced cells at MOI 150 versus non-transduced cells.

GO “G1/S GO “G2/M GO “M/G1 HUGO GO “M phase transition transition transition Gene RefSeq Nucleic RefSeq Protein of mitotic cell GO “G1 GO “G2 GO “S of mitotic cell of mitotic cell of mitotic cell Symbol (1) Description (2) ProbeName (3) Accession (4) Accession (5) cycle” (6) phase” (7) phase” (8) phase” (9) cycle” (10) cycle” (11) cycle” (12) E2F8 Homo sapiens E2F A_23_P35871 NM_024680 NP_078956 transcription factor 8 (E2F8), mRNA [NM_024680] SPC25 Homo sapiens SPC25, A_23_P51085 NM_020675 NP_065726 x NDC80 kinetochore complex component, homolog (S, cerevisiae) (SPC25), mRNA [NM_020675] CENPA Homo sapiens A_24_P413884 NM_001809 NP_001800 x centromere protein A (CENPA), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_001809] ESCO2 Homo sapiens A_24_P323598; NM_001017420 NP_001017420 establishment of A_33_P3326210 cohesion 1 homolog 2 (S, cerevisiae) (ESCO2), mRNA [NM_001017420] NCAPG Homo sapiens A_33_P3230254 NM_022346 NP_071741 x non-SMC condensin I complex, subunit G (NCAPG), mRNA [NM_022346] TTK Homo sapiens A_23_P259586 NM_003318 NP_003309 TTK protein kinase (TTK), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_003318] NEK2 Homo sapiens A_24_P319613; NM_002497 NP_002488 x NIMA (never in mitosis A_23_P35219 gene a)-related kinase 2 (NEK2), mRNA [NM_002497] AURKB Homo sapiens aurora A_23_P130182 NM_004217 NP_004208 x kinase B (AURKB), mRNA [NM_004217] CDC2 Homo sapiens A_23_P138507 NM_001786 NP_001777 x x x cell division cycle 2, G1 to S and G2 to M (CDC2), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_001786] DLGAP5 Homo sapiens discs, A_23_P88331 NM_014750 NP_055565 x large (Drosophila) homolog-associated protein 5 (DLGAP5), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_014750] E2F2 Homo sapiens A_23_P408955 NM_004091 NP_004082 x E2F transcription factor 2 (E2F2), mRNA [NM_004091] CENPF Homo sapiens A_23_P401; NM_016343 NP_057427 x x centromere protein F, A_24_P96780 350/400ka (mitosin) (CENPF), mRNA [NM_016143] NUSAPI Homo sapiens A_33_P3350488 NM_016359 NP_057443 x nucleolar and spindle associated protein 1 (NUSAPI), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_016359] NUF2 Homo sapiens NUF2, A_23_P74349 NM_145697 NP_663735 x NDC80 kinetochore complex component, homolog (S, cerevisiae) (NUF2), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_145697] TOP2A Homo sapiens A_23_P118834 NM_001067 NP_001058 x topoisomerase (DNA) II alpha 170kDa (TOP2A), mRNA [NM_001067] KIFC1 Homo sapiens A_23_P133956 NM_002263 NP_002254 x kinesin family member C1 (KIFC1), mRNA [NM_002263] SGOL1 Homo sapiens A_23_P29723 NM_001012410 NP_001012410 x shugoshin-like 1 (S, pombe) (SGOL1), transcript variant A2, mRNA [NM_001012410] CDC25C Homo sapiens cell A_23_P70249 NM_001790 NP_001781 x x x division cycle 25 homolog C (S, pombe) (CDC25C), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_01790] KIF2C Homo sapiens A_23_P34788 NM_006845 NP_006836 x kinesin family member 2C (KIF2C), mRNA [NM_006845] HJURP Homo sapiens A_33_P3807062 NM_018410 NP_060880 Holliday junction recognition protein (HJURP), mRNA [NM_018410] SKA1 Homo sapiens A_24_P322354 NM_001039535 NP_001034624 x spindle and kinetochore associated complex subunit 1 (SKA1), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_001039535] MKI67 Homo sapiens A_24_P346855; NM_002417 NP_002408 antigen identified by A_33_P3374205; monoclonal antibody A_33_P3374210 Ki-67 (MKI67), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_002417] FAM83D Homo sapiens family A_23_P323751 NM_030919 NP_112181 x with sequence similarity 83, member D (FAM83D), mRNA [NM_030919] CEP55 Homo sapiens A_23_P115872; NM_018131 NP_060601 x centrosomal protein A_33_P3291831 55kDa (CEP55), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_018131] KIF20A Homo sapiens A_23_P256956 NM_005733 NP_005724 x kinesin family member 20A (KIF20A), mRNA [NM_005733] PBK Homo sapiens PDZ A_32_P62997 NM_018492 NP_060962 x binding kinase (PBK), mRNA [NM_018492] NDC80 Homo sapiens NDC80 A_23_P50108 NM_006101 NP_006092 x homolog, kinetochore complex component (S, cerevisiae) (NDC80), mRNA [NM_006101] SKA3 Homo sapiens A_33_P3216008 NM_145061 NP_659498 x spindle and kinetochore associated complex subunit 3 (SKA3), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_145061] CDCA3 Homo sapiens A_24_P218979 NM_031299 NP_112589 x cell division cycle associated 3 (CDCA3), mRNA [NM_031299] BUB1 Homo sapiens budding A_23_P124417 NM_004336 NP_004327 x uninhibited by benzimidazoles 1 homolog (yeast) (BUB1), mRNA [NM_004336] ASPM Homo sapiens A_33_P3288159; NM_018136 NP_060606 x asp (abnormal spindle) A_23_P52017 homolog, microcephaly associated (Drosophila) (ASPM), mRNA [NM_018136] IQGAP3 Homo sapiens IQ A_33_P3321293 NM_178229 NP_839943 x motif containing GTPase activating protein 3 (IQGAP3), mRNA [NM_178229] PLK1 Homo sapiens polo-like A_23_P118174; NM_005030 NP_005021 x x kinase 1 (Drosophila) A_33_P3298387 (PLK1), mRNA [NM_005030] Kinetochore protein A_24_P314571 #N/A x Spc24 (hSpc24) [Source: UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot; Acc: Q8NBT2] [ENST00000293743] ANLN Homo sapiens anillin, A_23_P356684 NM_018685 NP_061155 x actin binding protein (ANLN), mRNA [NM_018685] CDCA8 Homo sapiens A_23_P375 NM_018101 NP_060571 x cell division cycle associated 8 (CDCA8), mRNA [NM_018101] GTSE1 Homo sapiens A_23_P57588 NM_016426 NP_057510 x G-2 and S-phase expressed 1 (GTSE1), mRNA [NM_016426] PRC1 Homo sapiens protein A_23_P206059 NM_003981 NP_003972 regulator of cytokinesis 1 (PRC1), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_003981] CDC45L Homo sapiens A_23_P57379 NM_003504 NP_003495 x x x CDC45 cell division cycle 45-like (S, cerevisiae) (CDC45L), mRNA [NM_003504] BUB1B Homo sapiens budding A_23_P163481 NM_001211 NP_001202 x uninhibited by benzimidazoles 1 homolog beta (yeast) (BUB1B), mRNA [NM_001211] CDKN3 Homo sapiens A_33_P3307903; NM_005192 NP_005183 x cyclin-dependent A_23_P48669 kinase inhibitor 3 (CDKN3), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_005192] CCNB2 Homo sapiens A_23_P65757 NM_004701 NP_004692 x x cyclin B2 (CCNB2), mRNA [NM_004701] RAD54L Homo sapiens A_23_P74115 NM_003579 NP_003570 RAD54-like (S, cerevisiae) (RAD54L), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_003579] OIP5 Homo sapiens Opa A_23_P379614 NM_007280 NP_009211 x interacting protein 5 (OIP5), mRNA [NM_007280] SGOL1 Homo sapiens A_24_P225970 NM_001012409 NP_001012409 x shugoshin-like 1 (S, pombe) (SGOL1), transcript variant A1, mRNA [NM_001012409] MND1 Homo sapiens A_23_P133123 NM_032117 NP_115493 meiotic nuclear divisions 1 homolog (S, cerevisiae) (MND1), mRNA [NM_032117] RRM2 Homo sapiens A_24_P225616 NM_001034 NP_001025 x ribonucleotide reductase M2 (RRM2), transcript variant 2, mRNA [NM_001034] UBE2C Homo sapiens A_24_P297539 NM_181803 NP_861519 x ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2C (UBE2C), transcript variant 6, mRNA [NM_181803] KIF11 Homo sapiens A_24_P227091 NM_004523 NP_004514 x kinesin family member 11 (KIF11), mRNA [NM_004523] CASC5 Homo sapiens A_23_P100127; NM_170589 NP_733468 x cancer susceptibility A_33_P3213342 candidate 5 (CASC5), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_170589] SPC24 Homo sapiens A_33_P3376116 NM_182513 NP_872319 x SPC24, NDC80 kinetochore complex component, homolog (S, cerevisiae) (SPC24), mRNA [NM_182513] CDCA2 Homo sapiens cell A_23_P385861 NM_152562 NP_689775 x division cycle associated 2 (CDCA2), mRNA [NM_152562] CDC20 Homo sapiens cell A_23_P149200 NM_001255 NP_001246 x division cycle 20 homolog (S, cerevisiae) (CDC20), mRNA [NM_001255] CCNA2 Homo sapiens A_23_P58321 NM_001237 NP_001228 x x cyclin A2 (CCNA2), mRNA [NM_001237] MLF1IP Homo sapiens MLF1 A_23_P254733 NM_024629 NP_078905 x interacting protein (MLF1IP), mRNA [NM_024629] BIRC5 Homo sapiens A_23_P118815 NM_001012271 NP_001012271 x x baculoviral IAP repeat-containing 5 (BIRC5), transcript variant 3, mRNA [NM_001012271] TACC3 Homo sapiens A_23_P212844 NM_006342 NP_006333 transforming, acidic coiled-coil containing protein 3 (TACC3), mRNA [NM_006342] CENPE Homo sapiens A_23_P253524 NM_001813 NP_001804 x centromere protein E, 312kDa (CENPE), mRNA [NM_001813] KIF15 Homo sapiens A_23_P80902 NM_020242 NP_064627 x kinesin family member 15 (KIF15), mRNA [NM_020242] CDCA5 Homo sapiens A_23_P104651 NM_080668 NP_542399 x x cell division cycle associated 5 (CDCA5), mRNA [NM_080668] SPAG5 Homo sapiens sperm A_23_P89509 NM_006461 NP_006452 x associated antigen 5 (SPAG5), mRNA [NM_006461] CCNB1 Homo sapiens A_23_P122197; NM_031966 NP_114172 x x x cyclin B1 (CCNB1), A_33_P3401621 mRNA [NM_031966] BLM Homo sapiens A_23_P88630 NM_000057 NP_000048 x Bloom syndrome, RecQ helicase-like (BLM), mRNA [NM_000057] CENPM Homo sapiens A_33_P3387831 NM_024053 NP_076958 x centromere protein M (CENPM), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_024053] CLSPN Homo sapiens claspin A_23_P126212 NM_022111 NP_071394 homolog (Xenopus laevis) (CLSPN), mRNA [NM_022111] TPX2 Homo sapiens TPX2, A_23_P68610 NM_012112 NP_036244 x microtubule-associated, homolog (Xenopus laevis) (TPX2), mRNA [NM_012112] GINS2 Homo sapiens GINS A_23_P118246 NM_016095 NP_057179 x complex subunit 2 (Psf2 homolog) (GINS2), mRNA [NM_016095] MAD2L1 Homo sapiens MAD2 A_23_P92441 NM_002358 NP_002349 x mitotic arrest deficient-like 1 (yeast) (MAD2L1), mRNA [NM_002358] RACGAP1 Homo sapiens Rac A_32_P186474 NM_013277 NP_037409 GTPase activating protein 1 (RACGAP1), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_013277] ERCC6L Homo sapiens excision A_23_P96325 NM_017669 NP_060139 x repair cross- complementing rodent repair deficiency, complementation group 6-like (ERCC6L), mRNA [NM_017669] FANCD2 Homo sapiens Fanconi A_33_P3257808; NM_001018115 NP_001018125 anemia, A_23_P143994 complementation group D2 (FANCD2), transcript variant 2, mRNA [NM_001018115] PKMYT1 Homo sapiens protein A_33_P3397443 NM_182687 NP_872629 x x x kinase, membrane associated tyrosine/ threonine 1 (PKMYT1), transcript variant 2, mRNA [NM_182687] CENPM Homo sapiens A_24_P399888 NM_001002876 NP_001002876 x centromere protein M (CENPM), transcript variant 2, mRNA [NM_001002876] CENPH Homo sapiens A_23_P110802 NM_022909 NP_075060 x centromere protein H (CENPH), mRNA [NM_022909] ORC1L Homo sapiens origin A_23_P45799 NM_004153 NP_004144 x x x recognition complex, subunit 1-like (yeast) (ORC1L), mRNA [NM-004153] CCNE2 Homo sapiens A_33_P3247022; NM_057749 NP_477097 x cyclin E2 (CCNE2), A_33_P3217819 mRNA [NM_057749] TRIP13 Homo sapiens thyroid A_33_P3339212 NM_004237 NP_004228 hormone receptor interactor 13(TRIP13), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_004237] NCAPG2 Homo sapiens non-SMC A_33_P3659876 NM_017760 NP_060230 x condensin II complex, subunit G2 (NCAPG2), mRNA [NM_017760] C11orf82 Homo sapiens A_23_P429491 NM_145018 NP_659455 chromosome 11 open reading frame 82 (C11orf82), mRNA [NM_145018] CENPK Homo sapiens centromere A_23_P155989 NM_022145 NP_071428 x protein K (CENPK), mRNA [NM_022145] RAD51 Homo sapiens RAD51 A_23_P88731 NM_002875 NP_002866 homo log (RecA homolog, E, coli) (S, cerevisiae) (RAD51), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_002875] CDT1 Homo sapiens A_33_P3386262 NM_030928 NP_112190 x x x chromatin licensing and DNA replication factor 1 (CDT1), mRNA [NM_030928] E2F1 Homo sapiens E2F A_23_P80032 NM_005225 NP_005216 x x x transcription factor 1 (E2F1), mRNA [NM_005225] GAS2L3 Homo sapiens growth A_32_P189204 NM_174942 NP_777602 arrest-specific 2 like 3 (GAS2L3), mRNA [NM_174942] SGOL2 Homo sapiens A_23_P411335 NM_152524 NP_689737 x shugoshin-like 2 (S, pombe) (SGOL2), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_152524] BRCA1 Homo sapiens A_23_P207400 NM_007300 NP_009231 breast cancer 1, early onset (BRCA1), transcript variant 2, mRNA [NM_007300] BRCA2 Homo sapiens A_23_P99452 NM_000059 NP_000050 breast cancer 2, early onset (BRCA2), mRNA [NM_000059] FANCI Homo sapiens Fanconi A_32_P95729 NM_018193 NP_060663 anemia, complementation group I (FANCI), transcript variant 2, mRNA [NM_018193] POLE2 Homo sapiens A_23_P163099 NM_002692 NP_002683 x x x polymerase (DNA directed), epsilon 2 (p59 subunit) (POLE2), mRNA [NM_002692] PTTG1 Homo sapiens pituitary A_23_P7636 NM_004219 NP_004210 x tumor-transforming 1 (PTTG1), mRNA [NM_004219] KIF23 Homo sapiens kinesin A_33_P3311755; NM_138555 NP_612565 family member 23 A_23_P48835 (KIF23), transcript variant 1, mRNA[NM_138555] TRIP13 Homo sapiens thyroid A_33_P3407256 NM_001166260 NP_001159732 hormone receptor interactor 13(TRIP13), transcript variant 2, mRNA [NM_001166260] EXO1 Homo sapiens A_23_P23303 NM_003686 NP_003677 exonuclease 1 (EXO1), transcript variant 3, mRNA [NM_003686] ZWINT Homo sapiens ZW10 A_33_P3212994; NM_032997 NP_127490 interactor (ZWINT), A_23_P63789 transcript variant 2, mRNA [NM_032997] KIF22 Homo sapiens kinesin A_23_P54622; NM_007317 NP_015556 x family member 22 A_33_P3350634 (KIF22), mRNA [NM_007317] PRIM1 Homo sapiens primase, A_23_P25019 NM_000946 NP_000937 x x x DNA, polypeptide 1 (49kDa) (PRIM1), mRNA [NM_000946] FANCA Homo sapiens Fanconi A_23_P206441 NM_000135 NP_000126 anemia, complementation group A (FANCA), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_000135] GINS4 Homo sapiens GINS A_33_P3340040 NM_032336 NP_115712 x complex subunit 4 (Sld5 homolog) (GINS4), mRNA [NM_032336] CKS1B Homo sapiens CDC28 A_32_P206698; NM_001826 NP_001817 x x protein kinase A_23_P45917 regulatory subunit 1B (CKS1B), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_001826] CENPI Homo sapiens A_24_P419132; NM_006733 NP_006724 centromere A_33_P3221313 protein I (CENPI), mRNA [NM_006733] MCM5 Homo sapiens A_33_P3284951; NM_006739 NP_006730 x x x minichromosome A_23_P132277 maintenance complex component 5 (MCM5), mRNA [NM_006739] FOXM1 Homo sapiens forkhead A_23_P151150 NM_202002 NP_973731 box M1 (FOXM1), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_202002] FBXO5 Homo sapiens F-box A_33_P3384871 NM_001142522 NP_001135994 x x protein 5 (FBXO5), transcript variant 2, mRNA [NM_001142522] MCM7 Homo sapiens A_23_P93690 NM_182776 NP_877577 x x x minichromosome maintenance complex component 7 (MCM7), transcript variant 2, mRNA [NM_182776] ORC6L Homo sapiens origin A_23_P100344 NM_014321 NP_055136 x x x recognition complex, subunit 6 like (yeast) (ORC6L), mRNA [NM_014321] STMN1 Homo sapiens A_33_P3317523 NM_203401 NP_981946 stathmin 1 (STMN1), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_203401] AURKA Homo sapiens aurora A_23_P131866 NM_198433 NP_940835 x kinase A (AURKA), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_198433] KIF20B Homo sapiens kinesin A_23_P75071; NM_016195 NP_057279 x family member 20B A_33_P3215239 (KIF20B), mRNA [NM_016195] CKS2 Homo sapiens CDC28 A_23_P71727 NM_001827 NP_001818 protein kinase regulatory subunit 2 (CKS2), mRNA [NM_001827] CIT Homo sapiens citron A_33_P3312301; NM_007174 NP_009105 x (rho-interacting, A_23_P420551 serine/threonine kinase 21) (CIT), mRNA [NM_007174] GINS1 Homo sapiens GINS A_33_P3340025 NM_021067 NP_066545 x complex subunit 1 (Psf1 homolog) (GINS1), mRNA [NM_021067] PSRC1 Homo sapiens A_23_P46539 NM_032636 NP_116025 x proline/serine-rich coiled-coil 1 (PSRC1), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_032636] FEN1 Homo sapiens flap A_24_P84898 NM_004111 NP_004102 x structure-specific endonuclease 1 (FEN1), mRNA [NM_004111] CHTF18 Homo sapiens A_23_P354297 NM_022092 NP_071375 CTF18, chromosome transmission fidelity factor 18 homolog (S, cerevisiae) (CHTF18), mRNA [NM_022092] HAUS8 Homo sapiens HAUS A_23_P141965; NM_033417 NP_219485 x augmin-like complex, A_33_P3242124 subunit 8 (HAUS8), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_033417] SMC4 Homo sapiens structural A_33_P3716128; NM_005496 NP_005487 x maintenance of A_33_P3248519 chromosomes 4 (SMC4), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_005496] MCM7 Homo sapiens A_33_P3258223 NM_005916 NP_005907 x x x minichromosome maintenance complex component 7 (MCM7), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_005916] MCM2 Homo sapiens A_32_P103633 NM_004526 NP_004517 x x x minichromosome maintenance complex component 2 (MCM2), mRNA [NM_004526] UHRF1 Homo sapiens A_23_P208880; NM_013282 NP_037414 ubiquitin-like with A_33_P3379454 PHD and ring finger domains 1 (UHRF1), transcript variant 2, mRNA [NM_013282] H2AFX Homo sapiens A_24_P38895 NM_002105 NP_002096 H2A histone family, member X (H2AFX), mRNA [NM_002105] TIMELESS Homo sapiens A_23_P53276 NM_003920 NP_003911 x timeless homolog Drosophila) (TIMELESS), mRNA [NM_003920] DBF4 Homo sapiens A_33_P3413523 NM_006716 NP_006707 x x DBF4 homolog (S, cerevisiae) (DBF4), mRNA [NM_006716] CENPN Homo sapiens A_23_P88740 NM_018455 NP_060925 x centromere protein N (CENPN), transcript variant 3, mRNA [NM_018455] FANCA Homo sapiens A_33_P3286422; NM_001018112 NP_001018122 Fanconi anemia, A_33_P3386344 complementation group A (FANCA), transcript variant 2, mRNA [NM_001018112] LIN9 Homo sapiens A_32_P233304 NM_173083 NP_775106 lin-9 homolog (C, elegans) (LIN9), mRNA [NM_173083] HELLS Homo sapiens A_23_P12816; NM_018063 NP_060533 x helicase, lymphoid- A_33_P3258117 specific (HELLS), mRNA [NM_018063] CKAP2 Homo sapiens A_23_P151405; NM_018204 NP_060674 cytoskeleton associated A_24_P99090 protein 2 (CKAP2), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_018204] NCAPD2 Homo sapiens non-SMC A_33_P3303385; NM_014865 NP_055680 x condensin I complex, A_23_P25293 subunit D2 (NCAPD2), mRNA [NM_014865] RFC3 Homo sapiens A_23_P14193 NM_002915 NP_002906 x replication factor C (activator 1) 3, 38kDa (RFC3), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_002915] TYMS Homo sapiens A_23_P50096 NM_001071 NP_001062 x thymidylate synthetase (TYMS), mRNA [NM_001071] HIST1H3F Homo sapiens A_23_P30799 NM_021018 NP_066298 x histone cluster 1, H3f (HIST1H3F), mRNA [NM_021018] KIF18A Homo sapiens A_33_P3242649 NM_031217 NP_112494 x kinesin family member 18A (KIF18A), mRNA [NM_031217] BARD1 Homo sapiens A_23_P67771 NM_000465 NP_000456 BRCA1 associated RING domain 1 (BARD1), mRNA [NM_000465] SYCE2 Homo sapiens A_32_P203528 NM_001105578 NP_001099048 synaptonemal complex central element protein 2 (SYCE2), mRNA [NM_001105578] CDKN2C Homo sapiens A_33_P3292540 NM_078626 NP_523240 x x cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2C (p18, inhibits CDK4) (CDKN2C), transcript variant 2, mRNA [NM_078626] CENPP Homo sapiens A_33_P3245321 NM_001012267 NP_001012267 x centromere protein P (CENPP), mRNA [NM_001012267] KNTC1 Homo sapiens A_23_P136817 NM_014708 NP_055523 x kinetochore associated 1 (KNTC1), mRNA [NM_014708] ESPL1 Homo sapiens extra A_23_P32707 NM_012291 NP_036423 x spindle pole bodies homolog 1 (S, cerevisiae) (ESPL1), mRNA [NM_012291] C13orf34 Homo sapiens A_23_P25626 NM_024808 NP_079084 chromosome 13 open reading frame 34 (C13orf34), mRNA [NM_024808] MCM3 Homo sapiens A_23_P7873 NM_002388 NP_002379 x x x minichromosome maintenance complex component 3 (MCM3), mRNA [NM_002388] GMNN Homo sapiens A_23_P19712 NM_015895 NP_056979 geminin, DNA replication inhibitor (GMNN), mRNA [NM_015895] SMC2 Homo sapiens structural A_33_P3357322; NM_001042550 NP_001036015 x maintenance of A_33_P3378334 chromosomes 2 (SMC2), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_001042550] CHAF1B Home sapiens A_23_P57306 NM_005441 NP_005432 chromatin assembly factor 1, subunit B (p60)(CHAF1B), mRNA [NM_005441] POLA1 Homo sapiens A_32_P1701 NM_016937 NP_058633 x x x polymerase (DNA directed), alpha 1, catalytic subunit (POLA1), mRNA [NM_016937] INCENP Homo sapiens A_23_P116387 NM_001040694 NP_001035784 x inner centromere protein antigens 135/155kDa (INCENP), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_001040694] CENPO Homo sapiens A_23_P50990; NM_024322 NP_077298 x centromere A_24_P276888 protein O (CENPO), mRNA [NM_024322] MCM4 Homo sapiens A_23_P370989 NM_005914 NP_005905 x x x minichromosome maintenance complex component 4 (MCM4), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_005914] CENPN Homo sapiens A_33_P3387861 NM_001100624 NP_001094094 x centromere protein N (CENPN), transcript variant 2, mRNA [NM_001100624] KPNA2 Homo sapiens A_23_P125265 NM_002266 NP_002257 x karyopherin alpha 2 (RAG cohort 1, importin alpha 1) (KPNA2), mRNA [NM_002266] Centromere protein I A_33_P3340468 #N/A x (CENP-I) (Interphase centromere complex protein 19) (Follicle- stimulating hormone primary response protein) (FSH primary response protein 1) (Leucine-rich primary response protein 1) [Source: UniProtKB/ Swiss-Prot; Acc: Q92674] [ENST00000403304] MCM8 Homo sapiens A_23_P68547 NM_182802 NP_877954 x x x minichromosome maintenance complex component 8 (MCM8), transcript variant 2, mRNA [NM_182802] PSMC3IP Homo sapiens PSMC3 A_24_P287941 NM_013290 NP_037422 interacting protein (PSMC3IP), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_013290] CEP110 Homo sapiens A_24_P109554 NM_007018 NP_008949 x centrosomal protein 110kDa (CEP110), mRNA [NM_007018] E2F7 Homo sapiens E2F A_32_P210202 NM_203394 NP_976328 transcription lactor 7 (E2F7), mRNA [NM_203394] DTYMK Homo sapiens A_23_P123974 NM_012145 NP_036277 deoxythymidylate kinase (thymidylate kinase) (DTYMK), mRNA [NM_012145] CDC25A Homo sapiens cell A_24_P397107 NM_001789 NP_001780 x x x x division cycle 25 homolog A (S, pombe) (CDC25A), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_001789] CDC7 Homo sapiens cell A_23_P148807 NM_003503 NP_003494 x x division cycle 7 homolog (S, cerevisiae) (CDC7), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_003503] DNA2 Homo sapiens A_33_P3833211 NM_001080449 NP_001073918 x DNA replication helicase 2 homolog (yeast) (DNA2), mRNA [NM_001080449] MCM6 Homo sapiens A_23_P90612 NM_005915 NP_005906 x x x minichromosome maintenance complex component 6 (MCM6), mRNA [NM_005915] CHAF1A Homo sapiens A_24_P53519; NM_005483 NP_005474 chromatin assembly A_33_P3416366 factor 1, subunit A (p150) (CHAF1A), mRNA [NM_005483] RFC2 Homo sapiens A_23_P93823 NM_181471 NP_852136 x replication factor C (activator 1) 2, 40kDa (RFC2), transcript variant 1, mRNA_[NM_181471] RPA3 Homo sapiens A_23_P256455 NM_002947 NP_002938 x x x replication protein A3, 14kDa (RPA3), mRNA [NM_002947] STAG3 Homo sapiens stromal A_23_P145657 NM_012447 NP_036579 antigen 3 (STAG3), mRNA[NM_012447] CDC25B Homo sapiens cell A_23_P210726 NM_021873 NP_068659 x x division cycle 25 homolog B (S, pombe) (CDC25B), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_021873] SUV39H1 Homo sapiens A_33_P3407524; NM_003173 NP_003164 suppressor of A_23_P422193 variegation 3-9 homolog 1 (Drosophila) (SUV39H1), mRNA [NM_003173] RAD54B Homo sapiens RAD54 A_23_P82738 NM_012415 NP_036547 homolog B (S, cerevisiae) (RAD54B), mRNA [NM_012415] POLA2 Homo sapiens A_23_P161615 NM_002689 NP_002680 x x x polymerase (DNA directed), alpha 2 (70kD subunit) (POLA2), mRNA [NM_002689] CEP152 Homo sapiens A_24_P652700 NM_014985 NP_055800 x centrosomal protein 152kDa (CEP152), mRNA [NM_014985] NCAPD3 Homo sapiens A_32_P71447 NM_015261 NP_056076 x non-SMC condensin II complex, subunit D3 (NCAPD3), mRNA [NM_015261] POLD1 Homo sapiens A_23_P50455 NM_002691 NP_002682 x polymerase (DNA directed), delta 1, catalytic subunit 125kDa (POLD1), mRNA [NM_002691] RFC5 Homo sapiens A_23_P95302 NM_181578 NP_853556 x replication factor C (activator 1) 5, 36,5kDa (RFC5), transcript variant 2, mRNA [NM_181578] RFC4 Homo sapiens A_23_P18196 NM_002916 NP_002907 x replication factor C (activator 1) 4, 37kDa (RFC4), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_002916] MASTL Homo sapiens A_24_P258051 NM_032844 NP_116233 x x microtubule associated serine/threonine kinase-like (MASTL), mRNA [NM_032844] CENPN Homo sapiens A_33_P3387856 NM_001100625 NP_001094095 x centromere protein N (CENPN), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_001100625] CDKN2D Homo sapiens A_23_P89941 NM_001800 NP_001791 x x cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2D (p19, inhibits CDK4) (CDKN2D), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_001800] ZWILCH Homo sapiens A_33_P3433873 NM_017975 NP_060445 x Zwilch, kinetochore associated, homolog (Drosophila) (ZWILCH), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_017975] DSN1 Homo sapiens DSN1, A_23_P165937 NM_024918 NP_079194 x MIND kinetochore complex component, homolog (S, cerevisiae) (DSN1), transcript variant 3, mRNA [NM_024918] LIG1 Homo sapiens ligase 1, A_23_P39116 NM_000234 NP_000225 x DNA, ATP-dependent (LIG1), mRNA [NM_000234] C21orf45 Homo sapiens A_23_P252335 NM_018944 NP_061817 x chromosome 21 open reading frame 45 (C21orf45), mRNA [NM_018944] DSCC1 Homo sapiens A_23_P252740 NM_024094 NP_076999 x defective in sister chromatid cohesion 1 homolog (S, cerevisiae) (DSCC1), mRNA [NM_024094] UBE2S Home sapiens A_32_P171328 NM_014501 NP_055316 x ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2S (UBE2S), mRNA [NM_014501] CENPQ Homo sapiens A_23_P70328 NM_018132 NP_060602 x centromere protein Q (CENPQ), mRNA [NM_018132] G0S2 Homo sapiens A_23_P74609 NM_015714 NP_056529 G0/G1 switch 2 (G0S2), mRNA [NM_015714] LRRCC1 Homo sapiens leucine A_23_P157527 NM_033402 NP_208325 x rich repeat and coiled-coil domain containing 1 (LRRCC1), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_033402] CDK2 Homo sapiens A_23_P98898 NM_001798 NP_001789 x x x x x x x cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_001798] Homo sapiens A_33_P3407636 #N/A x cDNA FLJ53559 complete cds. [AK296555 coding for BAG59178] CENPJ Homo sapiens A_32_P219116 NM_018451 NP_060921 x centromere protein J (CENPJ), mRNA [NM_018451] DDX11 Homo sapiens A_23_P203949; NM_030653 NP_085911 x x x DEAD/H A_23_P203947 (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp/His) box polypeptide 11 (CHL1-like helicase homolog, S, cerevislae) (DDX11), transcript variant 1, mRNA (NM_030653] SUV39H2 Homo sapiens A_23_P202392 NM_024670 NP_078946 suppressor of variegation 3-9 homolog 2 (Drosophila) (SUV39H2), mRNA [NM_024670] CEP72 Homo sapiens A_23_P302654 NM_018140 NP_060610 x centrosomal protein 72kDa (CEP72), mRNA [NM_018140] CEP110 Homo sapiens A_33_P3257554 NM_007018 NP_008949 x centrosomal protein 110kDa (CEP110), mRNA [NM_007018] SMC1A Homo sapiens A_24_P942604 NM_006306 NP_006297 x structural maintenance of chromosomes 1A (SMC1A), mRNA [NM_006306] PFTK2 Homo sapiens A_23_P154050 NM_139158 NP_631897 PFTAIRE protein kinase 2 (PFTK2), mRNA [NM_139158] MSH2 Homo sapiens A_23_P102471; NM_000251 NP_000242 mutS homolog 2, A_33_P3287502 colon cancer, nonpolyposis type 1 (E, coli) (MSH2), mRNA [NM_000251] PHGDH Homo sapiens A_23_P85783 NM_006623 NP_006614 phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), mRNA [NM_006623] RCC1 Homo sapiens A_23_P46309 NM_001048194 NP_001041659 x regulator of chromosome condensation 1 (RCC1), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_001048194] HAUS5 Homo sapiens HAUS A_33_P3269338 NM_015302 NP_056117 x augmin-like complex, subunit 5 (HAUS5), mRNA [NM_015302] CP110 Homo sapiens CP110 A_24_P373286 NM_014711 NP_055526 x protein (CP110), mRNA [NM_014711] HAUS1 Homo sapiens HAUS A_23_P413796 NM_138443 NP_612452 x augmin-like complex, subunit 1 (HAUS1), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_138443] CEP78 Homo sapiens A_33_P3219641 NM_001098802 NP_001092272 x centrosomal protein 78kDa (CEP78), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_001098802] CHEK1 Homo sapiens CHK1 A_33_P3349536 NM_001114121 NP_001107593 x checkpoint homolog (S, pombe) (CHEK1), transcript variant 2, mRNA [NM_001114121] YEATS4 Homo sapiens A_23_P87591 NM_006530 NP_006521 x YEATS domain containing 4 (YEATS4), mRNA [NM_006530] TUBGCP3 Homo sapiens A_23_P76705 NM_006322 NP_006313 x tubulin, gamma complex associated protein 3 (TUBGCP3), mRNA [NM_006322] BUB3 Homo sapiens A_23_P46924 NM_001007793 NP_001007794 x budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles 3 homolog (yeast) (BUB3), transcript variant 2, mRNA [NM_001007793]

Table 3.

Unregulated cell cycle genes sorted by decreasing Fold Change. Genes annotated in the “cell cycle” Gene Ontology category and which are upregulated in cells transduced with rLV-EF1 batch B and batch C at MOI150 compared to non-transduced cells. (1) HUGO gene symbol (2) Gene description from NCBI (3) Agilent Probe Identifier, (4) Nucleic sequence Accession Number from the NCBI database RefSeq RNA, (5) Proteic sequence Accession Number from the NCBI database RefSeq Protein. Genes are sorted by decreasing values of Fold Change.

RefSeq RefSeq GeneSymbol Nucleic Protein (1) Description (2) ProbeName (3) Accession (4) Accession (5) CDKN1A Homo sapiens cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A A_24_P89457 NM_078467 NP_510867 (p21, Cip1) (CDKN1A), transcript variant 2, mRNA [NM_078467] MDM2 Homo sapiens Mdm2 p53 binding protein homolog A_23_P502750 NM_002392 NP_002383 (mouse) (MDM2), transcript variant MDM2, mRNA [NM_002392] TP53INP1 Homo sapiens tumor protein p53 inducible nuclear A_23_P168882 NM_033285 NP_150601 protein 1 (TP53INP1), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_033285] TGFB2 Homo sapiens transforming growth factor, beta 2 A_24_P402438 NM_003238 NP_003229 (TGFB2), transcript variant 2, mRNA [NM_003238] CDH13 Homo sapiens cadherin 13, H-cadherin (heart) A_32_P85999 NM_001257 NP_001248 (CDH13), mRNA [NM_001257] RASSF2 Homo sapiens Ras association (RaIGDS/AF-6) A_23_P166087 NM_014737 NP_055552 domain family member 2 (RASSF2), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_014737]

Table 4.

18 cell cycle genes still downregulated with FC<−1.5 only with batch B at MOI 40. Genes annotated in the “cell cycle” Gene Ontology category, which are downregulated in cells transduced with rLV-EF1 batch B at MOI 40 and 150 and which are downregulated in cells transduced with rLV-EF1 batch C compared to non-transduced cells at MOI150 but not at MOI 40. (1) HUGO gene symbol (2) Gene description from NCBI (3) Agilent Probe Identifier, (4) Nucleic sequence Accession Number from the NCBI database RefSeq RNA, (5) Proteic sequence Accession Number from the NCBI database RefSeq Protein.

RefSeq RefSeq GeneSymbol Nucleic Protein (1) Description (2) ProbeName (3) Accession (4) Accession (5) ASPM Homo sapiens asp (abnormal spindle) A_33_P3288159 NM_018136 NP_060606 homolog, microcephaly associated (Drosophila) (ASPM), mRNA [NM_018136] AURKB Homo sapiens aurora kinase B (AURKB), A_23_P130182 NM_004217 NP_004208 mRNA [NM_004217] CENPA Homo sapiens centromere protein A A_24_P413884 NM_001809 NP_001800 (CENPA), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_001809] CENPF Homo sapiens centromere protein F, A_23_P401; NM_016343 NP_057427 350/400 ka (mitosin) (CENPF), mRNA A_24_P96780 [NM_016343] CKS1B Homo sapiens CDC28 protein kinase A_32_P206698 NM_001826 NP_001817 regulatory subunit 1B (CKS1B), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_001826] E2F8 Homo sapiens E2F transcription factor 8 A_23_P35871 NM_024680 NP_078956 (E2F8), mRNA [NM_024680] ERCC6L Homo sapiens excision repair cross- A_23_P96325 NM_017669 NP_060139 complementing rodent repair deficiency, complementation group 6-like (ERCC6L), mRNA [NM_017669] FAM83D Homo sapiens family with sequence A_23_P323751 NM_030919 NP_112181 similarity 83, member D (FAM83D), mRNA [NM_030919] KIFC1 Homo sapiens kinesin family member C1 A_23_P133956 NM_002263 NP_002254 (KIFC1), mRNA [NM_002263] NEK2 Homo sapiens NIMA (never in mitosis gene A_24_P319613 NM_002497 NP_002488 a)-related kinase 2 (NEK2), mRNA [NM_002497] NUSAP1 Homo sapiens nucleolar and spindle A_33_P3350488 NM_016359 NP_057443 associated protein 1 (NUSAP1), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_016359] OIP5 Homo sapiens Opa interacting protein 5 A_23_P379614 NM_007280 NP_009211 (OIP5), mRNA [NM_007280] PRC1 Homo sapiens protein regulator of A_23_P206059 NM_003981 NP_003972 cytokinesis 1 (PRC1), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_003981] RRM2 Homo sapiens ribonucleotide reductase M2 A_24_P225616 NM_001034 NP_001025 (RRM2), transcript variant 2, mRNA [NM_001034] SGOL1 Homo sapiens shugoshin-like 1 (S, pombe) A_23_P29723 NM_001012410 NP_001012410 (SGOL1), transcript variant A2, mRNA [NM_001012410] SPC25 Homo sapiens SPC25, NDC80 kinetochore A_23_P51085 NM_020675 NP_065726 complex component, homolog (S. cerevisiae) (SPC25), mRNA [NM_020675] TOP2A Homo sapiens topoisomerase (DNA) II alpha A_23_P118834 NM_001067 NP_001058 170kDa (TOP2A), mRNA [NM_001067] TTK Homo sapiens TTK protein kinase (TTK), A_23_P259586 NM_003318 NP_003309 transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_003318]

Table 5.

List of genes considered by the inventor as related to cellular senescence. List of genes related to cellular senescence, either being part of the “Senescence and autophagy” pathway referenced as WP615 in the publically accessible Wikipathway database or as extracted from the literature as being characteristic as the Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP). (1) HUGO gene symbol (2) Gene part of the SASP (3) Gene included into the “Senescence and autophagy” Wikipathway (4) Gene extracted as related to the SASP from Coppé et al., 2010 (5) Gene extracted as associated to the SASP from Young et al., 2009. [If we are merely citing to Wikipathway as the source of our current list of used genes that's okay—our genes are listed in the table. We just can't rely on Wikipathway for future searching. Whatever you cite to in the specification has to be permanent as of the filing date]

“Senescence and HUGO gene Autophagy” Coppé et al, Young et al, symbol (1) SASP (2) Wikipathway (3) 2010 (4) 2009 (5) AKT1S1 x AMBRA1 x ANG x x AREG x x ATG10 x ATG16L1 x ATG3 x ATG5 x ATG7 x BCL2 x BECN1 x BMI1 x BMP2 x BRAF x CCL1 x x CCL3 x x CCL8 x x CCL11 x x CCL13 x x CCL20 x x CCL25 x x CCL26 x x CCL16 x x CD44 x CDC25B x CDKN1A x CDKN1B x CDKN2A x CEBPB x x COL10A1 x x COL1A1 x x CREG1 x CSF2 x x CSF3 x x CTSB x x CXCL1 x x CXCL11 x x CXCL12 x x CXCL13 x x CXCL14 x CXCL2 x x CXCL5 x x CXCR2 x x E2F1 x EGF x x EGFR x x EREG x x FAS x x FGF2 x x FGF7 x x FKBP8 x FN1 x x GABARAP x GABARAPL1 x GABARAPL2 x GSK3B x GSN x HGF x x HMGA1 x HRAS x ICAM1 x x ICAM3 x x IFI16 x IFNB1 x IFNG x x IGF1 x IGF1R x IGFBP2 x x IGFBP3 x x IGFBP4 x x IGFBP5 x IGFBP6 x x IGFBP7 x x IL1A x x IL1B x x IL13 x x IL15 x x IL24 x IL3 x IL6 x x IL6R x IL6ST x x IL7 x x IL8 x x ING1 x ING2 x INHBA x INS x IRF1 x IRF5 x IRF7 x JUN x KIAA0652 x KITLG x x LAMP1 x LAMP2 x MAP1LC3A x MAP1LC3B x MAP1LC3C x MAP2K1 x MAP2K3 x MAPK1 x MAPK14 x MDM2 x MLL x MIF x x MLST8 x MMP10 x x MMP12 x x MMP13 x x MMP14 x x MMP1 x x MMP3 x x MTOR x NGF x x NRG1 x x PIGF x x PIK3C3 x PLA2R1 x x PLA2G2A x x PLAT x x PLAU x x PLAUR x x PTEN x RAF1 x RB1 x RB1CC1 x RNASEL x RSL1D1 x SERPINB2 x x SERPINE1 x x SH3GLB1 x SLC39A1 x SLC39A2 x SLC39A3 x SLC39A4 x SPARC x SQSTM1 x SRC x TIMP1 x x TIMP2 x x TGFB1 x THBS1 x TNFSF15 x TNFRSF11B x x TNFRSF10C x x TNFRSF1B x x TNFRSF1A x x TP53 x ULK1 x UVRAG x VEGF x x VTN x

Table 6.

16 senescence genes differentially expressed in cells transduced with batch B obtained with serum (B-S) at MOI 150 vs non-transduced cells. Cellular senescence-associated genes (either being part of the human “senescence and autophagy pathway >> referenced WP615 in the publically accessible Wikipathway database or part of the list of SASP genes extracted from the literature (Table 5)) which are differentially expressed genes in cells transduced with rLV-EF1 batch B-S at MOI 150 compared to non-transduced cells, which are not differential in cells transduced with rLV-EF1 batch B and batch C transduced cells at MOI 150 compared to non-transduced cells. By “not differential”, is meant that the FC absolute value is <1.3. (1) HUGO gene symbol (2) Gene description from NCBI (3) Agilent Probe Identifier, (4) Nucleic sequence Accession Number from the NCBI database RefSeq RNA, (5) Proteic sequence Accession Number from the NCBI database RefSeq Protein.

RefSeq RefSeq HUGO Gene Nucleic Protein Symbol (1) Description (2) ProbeName (3) Accession (4) Accession (5) COL1A1 Homo sapiens collagen, type I, alpha 1 A_33_P3304668 NM_000088 NP_000079 (COL1A1), mRNA [NM_000088] CXCL1 Homo sapiens chemokine (C-X-C A_23_P7144; NM_001511 NP_001502 motif) ligand 1 (melanoma growth A_33_P3330264 stimulating activity, alpha) (CXCL1), mRNA [NM_001511] CXCL2 Homo sapiens chemokine (C-X-C A_24_P257416; NM_002089 NP_002080 motif) ligand 2 (CXCL2), mRNA A_23_P315364 [NM_002089] GABARAPL1 Homo sapiens GABA(A) A_24_P4816; NM_031412 NP_113600 receptor-associated protein like 1 A_33_P3812669 (GABARAPL1), mRNA [NM_031412] IGF1 Homo sapiens insulin-like growth A_23_P13907 NM_000618 NP_000609 factor 1 (somatomedin C) (IGF1), transcript variant 4, mRNA [NM_000618] PLAU Homo sapiens plasminogen activator, A_23_P24104; NM_002658 NP_002649 urokinase (PLAU), transcript variant 1, A_33_P3306146 mRNA [NM_002658] AREG Homo sapiens amphiregulin (AREG), A_23_P259071 NM_001657 NP_0001648 mRNA [NM_001657] BMP2 Homo sapiens bone morphogenetic A_33_P3237150 NM_001200 NP_001191 protein 2 (BMP2), mRNA [NM_001200] EREG Homo sapiens epiregulin (EREG), A_23_P41344 NM_001432 NP_0001423 mRNA [NM_001432] HMGA1 Homo sapiens high mobility group A_23_P42331 NM_145901 NP_665908 AT-hook 1 (HMGA1), transcript variant 3, mRNA [NM_145901] ICAM1 Homo sapiens intercellular adhesion A_23_P153320 NM_000201 NP_000192 molecule 1 (ICAM1), mRNA [NM_000201] MMP1 Homo sapiens matrix metallopeptidase A_23_P1691 NM_002421 NP_002412 1 (interstitial collagenase) (MMP1), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_002421] MMP14 Homo sapiens matrix metallopeptidase A_24_P82106 NM_004995 NP_004986 14 (membrane-inserted) (MMP14), mRNA [NM_004995] NRG1 Homo sapiens neuregulin 1 (NRG1), A_33_P3284345 NM_004495 NP_004486 transcript variant HRG-gamma, mRNA [NM_004495] PLAT Homo sapiens plasminogen activator, A_23_P82868 NM_000930 NP_000921 tissue (PLAT), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_000930] PLAUR Homo sapiens plasminogen activator, urokinase receptor (PLAUR), transcript A_23_P16469 NM_001005377 NP_001005377 variant 3, mRNA [NM_001005377]

Table 7.

Ten cellular senescence-associated biomarkers. These genes were selected from Table 6 as being differentially expressed in cells transduced with rLV-EF1 batch B-S at MOI 40 compared to non-transduced cells and not differential in rLV-EF1 batch B or C transduced cells at MOI 40. By “not differential”, is meant that the FC absolute value is <1.3. (1) HUGO gene symbol (2) Gene description from NCBI (3) Agilent Probe Identifier, (4) Nucleic sequence Accession Number from the NCBI database RefSeq RNA, (5) Proteic sequence Accession Number from the NCBI database RefSeq Protein. (6) to (11) fold change values in each transduced condition compared to the non-transduced control condition. ND: not statistically differential. FC B-S vs NT MOI 150: Fold Change obtained between cells transduced with batch B-S at MOI 150 versus non-transduced cells. FC B vs NT MOI 150: Fold Change obtained between cells transduced with batch B at MOI 150 versus non-transduced cells. FC C vs NT MOI 150: Fold Change obtained between cells transduced with batch C at MOI 150 versus non-transduced cells. FC B vs NT MOI 40: Fold Change obtained between cells transduced with batch B at MOI 40 versus non-transduced cells. FC C vs NT MOI 40: Fold Change obtained between cells transduced with batch C at MOI 40 versus non-transduced cells. FC B-S vs NT MOI 40: Fold Change obtained between cells transduced with batch B-S at MOI 40 versus non-transduced cells.

FC FC B-S FC B FC C FC B FC C B-S vs vs vs vs vs vs NT NT NT NT NT NT RefSeq RefSeq MOI MOI MOI MOI MOI MOI HUGO Gene Nucleic Protein 150 150 150 40 40 40 Symbol (1) Description (2) ProbeName (3) Accession (4) Accession (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) GABARAPL1 Homo sapiens A_24_P4816; NM_031412 NP_113600 −2.0 #N/A 1.4 #N/A #N/A −1.5 GABA(A) receptor- A_33_P3812669 associated protein like 1 (GABARAPL1), mRNA [NM_031412] IGF1 Homo sapiens A_23_P13907 NM_000618 NP_000609 −2.8 #N/A 1.5 #N/A 1.3 −2.3 insulin-like growth factor 1 (somatomedin C) (IGF1), transcript variant 4, mRNA [NM_000618] PLAU Homo sapiens A_23_P24104; NM_002658 NP_002649 3.3 −1.4 #N/A #N/A #N/A 2.2 plasminogen A_33_P3306146 activator, urokinase (PLAU), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_002658] BMP2 Homo sapiens A_33_P3237150 NM_001200 NP_001191 2.0 #N/A 1.2 #N/A #N/A 2.3 bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), mRNA [NM_001200] EREG Homo sapiens A_23_P41344 NM_001432 NP_001423 2.5 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 2.0 epiregulin (EREG), mRNA [NM_001432] MMP1 Homo sapiens A_23_P1691 NM_002421 NP_002412 3.1 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 2.8 matrix metallopeptidase 1 (interstitial collagenase) (MMP1), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_002421] MMP14 Homo sapiens A_24_P82106 NM_004995 NP_004986 1.8 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 1.6 matrix metallopeptidase 14 (membrane- inserted) (MMP14), mRNA [NM_004995] NRG1 Homo sapiens A_33_P3284345 NM_004495 NP_004486 1.6 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 2.2 neuregulin 1 (NRG1), transcript variant HRG- gamma, mRNA [NM_004495] PLAT Homo sapiens A_23_P82868 NM_000930 NP_000921 3.1 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 1.6 plasminogen activator, tissue (PLAT), transcript variant 1, mRNA [NM_000930] PLAUR Homo sapiens A_23_P16469 NM_001005377 NP_001005377 1.7 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 1.9 plasminogen activator, urokinase receptor (PLAUR), transcript variant 3, mRNA [NM_001005377]

Table 8.

Genes not impacted in cells transduced with batch C, compared to cells transduced with other batches. Selection of genes not impacted with a high-quality vector. (1) HUGO gene symbol (2) Gene description from NCBI (3) Agilent Probe Identifier, (4) Nucleic sequence Accession Number from the NCBI database RefSeq RNA, (5) Proteic sequence Accession Number from the NCBI database RefSeq Protein. (6) to (11) fold change values in each transduced condition compared to the non-transduced control condition. ND means not statistically differential. FC B-S vs NT MOI 150: Fold Change obtained between cells transduced with batch B-S at MOI 150 versus non-transduced cells. FC B vs NT MOI 150: Fold Change obtained between cells transduced with batch B at MOI 150 versus non-transduced cells. FC C vs NT MOI 150: Fold Change obtained between cells transduced with batch C at MOI 150 versus non-transduced cells. FC B vs NT MOI 40: Fold Change obtained between cells transduced with batch B at MOI 40 versus non-transduced cells. FC C vs NT MOI 40: Fold Change obtained between cells transduced with batch C at MOI 40 versus non-transduced cells. FC B-S vs NT MOI 40: Fold Change obtained between cells transduced with batch B-S at MOI 40 versus non-transduced cells.

HUGO RefSeq RefSeq FC B FC C FC B-S FC B FC C FC B-S Gene Nucleic Protein vs NT vs NT vs NT vs NT vs NT vs/NT Symbol Accession Accession MOI MOI MOI MOI MOI MOI (1) Description (2) Probe Name (3) (4) (5) 150 (6) 150 (7) 150 (8) 40 (9) 40 (10) 40 (11) CXCL2 Homo sapiens chemokine A_24_P257416 NM_002089 NP_002080 −2.04 ND 4.17 −1.53 ND ND (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 (CXCL2), mRNA [NM_002089] FOXQ1 Homo sapiens forkhead box A_32_P164246 NM_033260 NP_150285 −1.82 ND 2.35 −1.27 ND 1.36 Q1 (FOXQ1), mRNA [NM_033260] MAP3K8 Mitogen-activated protein A_33_P3246505 * ** −2.08 ND −2.20 ND ND −2.28 kinase kinase kinase 8 (EC (FC 2, 7, 11, 25) (COT proto- −1.23) oncogene serine/threonine- protein kinase) (Cancer Osaka thyroid oncogene) (C-COT) (Tumor progression locus 2) (TPL-2) [Source: UniProtKB/Swiss- Prot; Acc: P41279] [ENST00000375322] *The A_33_P3246505 probe sequence does not match to any RefSeq RNA accession number. It matches with Genbank accession number AY309013. **AY309013 nucleic sequence corresponds to Genbank proteic accession number AAP45053.

Table 9.

Validation of cell cycle genes of table 4 as biomarkers with rLV-EF1-GFP MOI40.

Gene Symbol FC (BS vs. NT) FC (B vs. NT) FC (C vs. NT) ASPM −2.3 −2.6 −1.9 ASPM −2.1 −2.5 −2.0 AURKB −2.0 −2.7 −1.8 CENPA −2.1 −2.8 −1.9 CENPF −1.9 −2.4 −2.0 CKS1B −1.8 −2.8 −2.0 CKS1B −1.7 −2.4 −1.9 E2F8 −1.9 −2.9 −2.0 ERCC6L −1.7 −2.5 −1.8 FAM83D −1.9 −2.9 −2.1 KIFC1 −1.9 −3.4 −2.3 MKI67 −2.0 −2.8 −2.4 MKI67 −1.9 −2.8 −2.3 MKI67 −2.1 −2.8 −1.9 NEK2 −2.1 −3.1 −2.2 NUSAP1 −1.9 −2.7 −1.9 OIP5 −2.0 −2.7 −2.0 PRC1 −1.8 −2.8 −2.0 RRM2 −1.8 −2.1 −1.3 SGOL1 −2.4 −3.0 −2.1 SPC25 −1.8 −2.8 −1.8 TOP2A −2.0 −2.4 −1.6 TTK −1.9 −2.6 −1.7

Table 10. Sequence of primers used in the validation experiment.

Gene SEQ SEQ symbol Forward primer sequence (5′ -> 3′) ID NO Reverse primer sequence (5′ -> 3′) ID NO EREG AGGAGGATGGAGATGCTCTGTG 34 ACTGCCTGTAGAAGATGGAAACCC 35 CXCL2 CCCAAACCGAAGTCATAGCCACAC 36 GCCACCAATAAGCTTCCTCCTTCC 37

Examples

The examples below are provided to help better understand the invention although the invention is not to be limited to these examples.

Material and Methods

Plasmid Construction.

Three plasmids were used to produce a recombinant virion or recombinant retrovirus. A first plasmid provides a nucleic acid encoding a viral gag and pol gene (FIG. 2A). These sequences encode a group specific antigen and reverse transcriptase, (and integrase and protease-enzymes necessary for maturation and reverse transcription), respectively, as discussed above. A second plasmid provides a nucleic acid encoding a viral envelope (env) (FIG. 2B), such as VSV-G (Vesicular Stomatitis Virus G). A third plasmid provides the cis-acting viral sequences necessary for the viral life cycle (FIG. 2C). This third plasmid also contains a cloning site for a heterologous nucleic acid sequence to be transferred to a target cell. A schematic illustration of a suitable vector is shown in FIG. 2C with the GFP as a transgene but which can be replaced by any gene or sequence of interest such as cDNA, shRNA or miRNA.

Viral Vectors Manufacturing Processes. Cell Lines and Culture Conditions.

Viral vectors were produced using a Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK293T) cell line. A Human colon carcinoma (HCT116; ATCC N° CCL-247) adherent cell line is used for quantification of infectious particles. All cells were provided by the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM, Gibco, Paisley, UK) supplemented with 10% FCS; 1% penicillin/streptomycin and 1% ultraglutamine (PAA) at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO₂ in air. For the production of viral vector supernatants, DMEM was only supplemented with 1% penicillin/streptomycin and 1% ultraglutamine (PAA).

Viral Vectors Production.

Viral vector production was performed in a 10-layer CellSTACK (6320 cm², Corning). HEK293T cells were seeded at 9.5×10³ viable cells/cm² in DMEM supplemented with 10% FCS; 1% penicillin/streptomycin and 1% ultraglutamine (PAA) and placed at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO₂ in air. Four days after seeding, the supernatant was discarded and replaced by fresh DMEM without FCS supplemented with 1% penicillin/streptomycin and 1% ultraglutamine (PAA) before transfecting the cells.

The tri-transfection mix was composed by the following three plasmids: pENV, pGagPol (viral DNA construct contained in the bacterial host deposited at CNCM Collection respectively under the accession number CNCM I-4487 and CNCM I-4488), and pLV-EF1 (viral DNA construct derived from that contained in the bacterial host deposited at CNCM Collection under the accession number CNCM I-4489). The final concentration was adjusted to 40 mg/ml-1 using sterile water. CaCl₂ (2.5M) was then dripped to the plasmid-water mixture under soft checking to reach a final concentration of 500 mM. The obtained mixture was then dripped to an equivalent volume of Hepes Buffered Saline (HBS 2×) and incubated at room temperature for 20 minutes. After incubation, the transfection mixture was added to the cell culture media and incubated for 24 hours at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO₂ in air.

After 24 hours post-transfection, the supernatant was discarded and replaced with fresh non-supplemented DMEM and the cells were incubated at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO₂ in air. After medium exchange, the supernatant was collected several times (32 h, 48 h, 56 h and 72 h post transfection). Some fresh and no supplemented media were added and the cells were incubated prior to further harvests at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO₂.

Each harvest was clarified by centrifugation for 5 min. at 3000 g before being microfiltered through 0.45 μm pore size sterile filter unit (Stericup, Millipore). The whole set of harvest were then pooled to supply the crude harvest to obtain the Batch A (crude viral vectors composition).

Viral Vectors Concentration and Purification.

The viral vector compositions used to identify biomarkers of the present invention are obtained by a standard and commonly used concentration process based on either ultracentrifugation or centrifugation on central units (corresponding to the obtaining of batch B), or by concentration and/or purification processes (C and D) associated with a serum free production process (corresponding to the obtaining of batch A), as described in the PCT application WO 2013/014537 incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. Another batch UC (or UC-S) is produced for validation experiments obtained in presence of serum and concentrated by ultracentrifugation. The different batches correspond to different purification strategies going from no purification to several purification steps based on ultrafiltration and chromatography. The concentration and purification of the crude harvest was first performed by tangential flow ultrafiltration using polysulfone hollow-fiber cartridges. The supernatant was then diafiltered for 20 diavolumes in a continuous mode diafiltration against DMEM or TSSM buffer. Once the diafiltration performed, the retentate was recovered and further concentrated on ultrafiltration disposable units. The hollow fiber filtration (HFF) retentate was then benzonase treated by addition of Benzonase (250 U/μl)) for a final concentration of (72 U/ml), and MgCl₂ (1.0 mM) for a final concentration of 1 μM, before being incubating at 37° C. for 20 minutes.

The post HFF material can be further purified by ion exchange chromatography (IEX) on Sartobind Q75 (Sartorius) disposable membrane using an AKTA purifier system (GE Healthcare). The ion exchange membrane would be equilibrated with 5 column volumes of non-supplemented DMEM (or TSSM) at 2 ml/min. The viral supernatant would be then loaded on the membrane at 2 ml/min using a sampling loop. The flow through would be collected. The following step gradient can be applied to the AKTA system: 0M, 0.5M, 1.2M and 2M NaCl. The elution pic (collected with the 1.2 m NaCl step gradient) would be immediately 10× diluted in the following buffer: 20 mMTris+1.0% w/v Sucrose+1.0% w/v Mannitol, pH7.3 and further concentrated on ultrafiltration disposable units.

Viral Vectors Compositions.

Viral vectors compositions are obtained by the method described in the PCT application WO 2013/014537 incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. The resulting compositions are

-   -   Batch B obtained after centrifugation on central units of batch         A;     -   Batch C obtained after tangential ultrafitration diafiltration         of batch A;     -   Batch C-S obtained after tangential ultrafitration diafiltration         of batch A produced in the presence of 10% Fetal Bovine Serum         (BIOWEST). This batch is only used for FIG. 13;     -   Batch B-S obtained in the presence of 10% Fetal Bovine Serum         (BIOWEST) by the same process as the batch B without serum;     -   Batch UC or UC-S obtained in presence of 10% Fetal Bovine Serum

(BIOWEST) and concentrated by ultracentrifugation.

The processes used to obtain these batches are described in FIGS. 1A and 1B.

Functional Particle Quantification Using qPCR.

Transduction unit titration assays were performed as follows. HCT116 cells are seeded in 96-wells plate at 12500 cells per well and 250 μL of DMEM supplemented with 10% FCS; 1% penicillin/streptomycin and 1% ultraglutamine (complete medium). 24 h later, five serial dilutions are performed with complete medium for each vector sample and for a known a rLV-EF1-GFP as an internal standard (viral DNA construct contained in the bacterial host deposited at CNCM Collection under the accession number CNCM 1-4489). The cells are transduced by these serial dilutions in the presence of 8 μg/mL Polybrene® (Sigma). For each sample series, one well of non-transduced cells is added for control. Three days post-transduction, cells are trypsinized and each cell pellet is taken up with 250 μL of PBS, genomic DNA are extracted and submitted to qPCR. Results are normalized with the known rLV-EF1-GFP internal standard that was previously titrated by FACS, using 100 μL of the cell suspension. The titre is expressed by transducing units/ml (TU/mL) using the internal standard whose titre was previously determined by FACS (Canto II) using standard conditions by considering the percentage of positive cells.

Physical Particle Quantitation by P24 ELISA Assays.

The p24 core antigen is detected directly on the viral supernatant with a HIV-1 p24 ELISA kit provided by Perkin Elmer. The kit is used as specified by the supplier. The captured antigen is complexed with biotinylated polyclonal antibody to HIV-1 p24, followed by a streptavidin-HRP (horseradish peroxidase) conjugate. The resulting complex is detected by incubation with ortho-phenylenediamine-HCl (OPD) which produces a yellow color that is directly proportional to the amount of p24 captured. The absorbance of each microplate well is determined using microplate reader and calibrated against absorbance of an HIV-1 p24 antigen standard curve. The viral titer expressed in physical particles per ml is calculated from the amount of p24 knowing that 1 pg of p24 corresponds to 10⁴ physical particles.

Empty Cassette Vector Production for Microarray Analyses.

Lentiviral vector without cDNA (rLV-EF1) was produced at different purities for microarray studies. Batches B and C of rLV-EF1 vectors were purified from the same crude harvest. An additional production was achieved in the presence of 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (BIOWEST) in order to generate a B batch containing serum, hereinafter mentioned as B-S batch.

GFP Expressing Lentiviral Vector Production.

Independent batches B, C, B-S of GFP expressing lentiviral vectors were produced.

In order to provide another type of low quality concentrated vector, ultracentrifugation method was used to concentrate vectors produced in the presence of 10% serum (Batch UC or UC-S).

Culture of Foreskin Cells.

Human foreskin fibroblast cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (N° CRL-2097) and cultured in EMEM (Earl's Minimum Essential Medium, GIBCO) supplemented with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (BIOWEST), 1% penicillin/streptomycin (PAA) and 2 mM glutamine (PAA). Cells were maintained at 37° C. in the presence of 5% CO₂ and passaged twice a week at 5 000 cells/cm².

Transduction of Foreskin Cells for Transcriptomics Analysis.

Human foreskin fibroblasts were seeded at 5000 cells/cm² in T25-flasks 24 hours before transduction. Cells were transduced in quadruplicate at MOI 40 and 150 using the batches B, C and B-S of rLV-EF1 vector in a final volume of 5 mL and in the presence of 4 μg/mL of Polybrene® (Sigma). A non-transduced control only received 4 μg/mL of Polybrene®. The transduction supernatant is removed after approximately 16 h. Cells were trypsinized 54 hours post-transduction, washed with 1×PBS, centrifuged and the pellets were kept at −80° C. Pictures were taken 48 hours post-transduction.

Human foreskin fibroblasts were seeded at 5000 cells/cm² in 6 well-multiplate 24 hours before transduction. Cells were transduced in quadruplicate at MOI 40 and 150 using the batches B, C, B-S and UC (or UC-S) of rLV-EF1-GFP vector in a final volume of 5 mL and in the presence of 4 μg/mL of Polybrene® (Sigma). A non-transduced control only received 4 μg/mL of Polybrene®. The transduction supernatant is removed after approximately 16 h. Cells were trypsinized 54 hours post-transduction, washed with 1×PBS, centrifuged and the pellets were kept at −80° C. Pictures were taken 48 hours post-transduction.

RNA Extractions.

Total RNA samples were extracted from cell pellets using the TRIZol® Plus RNA Purification System (Life Technologies) according to manufacturer's instructions. Total RNA concentration and purity were determined using a Nanodrop 1000 spectrophotometer (Nanodrop Technologies). RNA quality and integrity were checked with the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, USA) and were conform to Agilent microarrays' requirements.

DNA Microarray Experiments.

Microarray experiments were performed at the Biochips Platform of Genopole, University of Toulouse, INSA, UPS, INP, CNRS & INRA (Toulouse, France) according to manufacturer protocols. Briefly, after addition of a dilution of exogenous RNA from the one color RNA Spike-In Kit (Agilent Technologies) for quality control check, 100 ng of total RNA were converted to cRNA, amplified and cyanine 3-labeled using the Agilent Low Input Quick Amp kit. 1650 ng of cyanine 3-labeled cRNA were hybridized at 65° C. for 17 hours at 10 rpm to Agilent Whole Human Genome Oligo Microarrays 4×44K version 2, containing 44 000 probes (consisting of 60-mer length oligonucleotides) targeting 27 958 genes. Hybridized arrays were washed and scanned on the Agilent high-resolution scanner G2505C and the images were analyzed using Feature Extraction 10.10 (Agilent Technologies). After quality control based on Feature Extraction QC reports, 3 or 4 replicates were retained per condition. Concerning the validation experiment with rLV-EF1-GFP, the Feature Extraction 11.5 version was used.

Microarray Data Statistical Analyses.

Raw datasets from Feature Extraction were imported into GeneSpring® GX 12 Software (Agilent Technologies) and normalized using the 75th percentile methods. Probes were then filtered by flag values attributed by GeneSpring® when importing Feature Extraction data (for each probe, one of the following flag is affected: “detected”, “not detected” or “compromised”, using GeneSpring® default parameters). Probes detected and not compromised in more than 60% of replicates in at least one condition were retained (eliminating undetected or compromised spots). Baseline transformation of intensity values to median of all samples was applied for profile plot representations. It means that, for each probe, the median of the log summarized values from all the samples is calculated and subtracted from each of the samples. In order to identify differentially expressed probes between each condition and the control condition, independent t-tests were performed with Benjamini-Hochberg multiple test correction and a corrected p-value<0.05. Probes with absolute value of fold changes (FC)≧1.5 were retained as differentially expressed for both up and down-regulated probes.

Microarray Data Functional Analyses.

Annotations provided by Agilent and included in GeneSpring® are based on a dataset called ‘technology’ in GeneSpring® and named 26652 version 2012.1.10. For each probe, different type of annotations are provided including Gene symbol, Description, Gene Ontology terms, RefSeq RNA accession number among other data. It should be noted that only one RefSeq transcript is associated with each probe, although a probe can target several alternative transcripts of the same gene. The gene ontology (GO) option on GeneSpring® GX 12 was used to determine the most significant biological processes (corrected p-value<0.1) represented in differentially expressed probe lists, compared with the human whole genome. Pathway analysis was used to find direct relationships between entities of interest. This was performed in GeneSpring® with the “Single Experiment Analysis” algorithm. The selected human pathway sources were curated pathways referenced in WikiPathways included by default in GeneSpring® GX 12. Pathways with a p-value<0.05 and a minimal number of 5 genes were retained.

Relative Quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR).

A total of 1 μg of total RNA from each sample was reverse transcribed using the Superscript III RT cDNA synthesis kit (Life Technologies) and oligo(dT)₁₂₋₁₈ according to manufacturer's instructions. cDNA products were then mixed with SYBR® GreenER™ qPCR SuperMixes for ABI PRISM (Life Technologies) and specific primers synthesized by Eurogentec (Belgium). GAPDH was used as an internal control to normalize transcript levels. All primers were designed using Primer 3 software version V.0.4.0 and their characteristics are summarized in table 1. Real time PCR was performed in duplicate, from at least two independent samples, using a StepOne instrument (Applied Biosystems) and relative quantification was calculated by the 2-ΔΔCT method (Livak et al. 2001). For the validation experiment, additional primers listed in table 10 were used and RT-qPCR was performed in duplicate from three independent samples. To assess significance of gene differential expressions, unpaired Student t-tests were performed to compare ΔΔCt values between conditions, with a p-value cut-off of 0.05.

Results

Candidate Biomarkers Identification

Impact on Proliferation of Cultured Cells Transduced with a Highly Purified Viral Vector Composition Versus an Ordinary Concentrated Viral Vector Composition.

In order to evaluate viral vector transduction effects according to the purity level and independently from any transgene, foreskin fibroblast cells were transduced at MOI 40 and 150 with two rLV-EF1 (without cDNA) compositions, batch B and batch C (described above) derived from the same crude harvest (batch A) and whose characteristics are summarized in FIG. 1A. Cells were observed 48 hours after transduction as presented in FIG. 2B.

A slight growth retardation was visible at MOI 40 with batch B transduced cells compared to non-transduced cells, although no growth difference was noticeable after batch C transduction at the same MOI.

Thus, at usual MOI (MOI 40 is commonly used for foreskin transduction), highly purified viral vector composition (batch C) does not induce a visible effect on transduced cells growth, whereas ordinary concentrated viral vector composition (batch B) seems to give a negative impact on transduced cells growth.

At MOI 150, a strong proliferation arrest could be seen with batch B transduced cells compared to non-transduced cells, whereas we only observed a moderate growth retardation with batch C.

Impact on Cell the Transcriptome of Cells Transduced with a Highly Purified Viral Vector Composition Versus an Ordinary Concentrated Viral Vector Composition.

As an example, the ordinary concentrated viral vector composition means the batch B obtained with serum (B-S). To explore underlying changes at the transcriptional level, these cells were collected 54 hours post-transduction. This post-transduction delay of 54 hours was determined as appropriate from a preliminary study as it was between the time when a growth delay appeared in transduced cells versus non-transduced cells, and the time when non-transduced cells reached confluence (data not shown). RNA were extracted and used to perform Agilent whole human genome microarrays allowing the quantification of nearly all human transcripts.

Transcriptional Changes Observed at MOI 150.

First, RNA levels from cells transduced with rLV-EF1 batch B and rLV-EF1 batch C at MOI 150 were compared to RNA from non-transduced cells. After statistical analyses, probes upregulated or downregulated 1.5-fold or more were retained for each comparison.

As shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, a number of 1027 probes were differentially expressed in transduced cells after batch B transduction and a number of 906 probes were differentially expressed in transduced cells after batch C transduction, compared to non-transduced cells. Downregulated probes were almost twice as numerous as upregulated probes (703 and 650 downregulated probes, respectively for transduced cells with batch B and batch C).

Comparison of the downregulated genes at MOI 150 shows that the majority of downregulated genes were common to the analysis of the transcriptome of cells transduced with batch B versus the transcriptome of non-transduced cells transcriptome and analysis of the transcriptome of cell transduced with batch C versus the transcriptome of non-transduced cells tr, except for a set of batch-specific genes which are specifically impacted in the transcriptome of cells transduced with batch B or the transcriptome of cells transduced with batch C. As shown on the Venn diagram in FIG. 4, 560 downregulated probes represent the intersection of the two lists of downregulated probes. Thus, there is a pool of 560 probes commonly impacted in transcriptome of cells transduced with batch B or C versus non-transduced cells transcriptome.

A Gene Ontology (GO) analysis with GeneSpring® on these 560 probes revealed that cell cycle genes were significantly overrepresented with 239 probes (representing 204 distinct genes among the 1004 human genes comprised in the “cell cycle” GO category). These genes are presented in Table 2, sorted by increasing FC values. Numerous other GO terms were significantly overrepresented, the majority being linked to cell cycle. In particular, all GO categories corresponding to each cell cycle phases and transitions were significantly impacted.

In order to go further with the analysis of the 560 common downregulated probes, a pathway analysis was performed on this list using GeneSpring®. The first resulting human pathway was the human “Cell cycle” pathway referenced WP179 in the publically accessible Wikipathway database on July 2012 with 37 genes whose expression level is impacted-. “G1 to S cell cycle control” (WP45 reference in the publically accessible Wikipathway database on July 2012 database), “Mitotic G2-G2/M phases” (WP1859 reference in the publically accessible Wikipathway database on July 2012) and “Mitotic M-M/G1 phases” (WP1860 reference in the publically accessible Wikipathway database on July 2012) human pathways were also significantly impacted. Hence, all cell cycle phases seem to be impacted with major downregulations. Cell cycle arrest at the G2-M checkpoint was confirmed by downregulation of CDC25C, Cyclin B1 and CDC2 (HUGO gene nomenclature) associated with an upregulation of p21 (Chiu et al 2011). Other blockages need to be confirmed.

Among genes annotated in the GO category “cell cycle”, the proliferation marker MKI67 was highly downregulated, with an average FC value of −8.6 and −5.6 (average FC value obtained with the values of the 3 probes representing this gene) on transcriptome of cells transduced respectively with batch B and batch C, versus non-transduced cells transcriptome. These values correlate with the observed proliferation retardation which was more pronounced after batch B transduction compared to batch C transduction.

A similar FC difference was almost systematically observed between the two conditions (i.e batch B and batch C), with an average 30% lower FC for these genes on transcription level in cells transduced with batch B versus transcription level in non-transduced cells compared to transcription level in cells transduced with batch C versus transcription level in non-transduced cells, as illustrated in FIG. 5. This observation is based on selection of probes impacted in cells transduced with batch B at MOI 150, having FC values≦−3. The FC difference was at least of 10%, except for 5 genes of this selection Downregulations of cell cycle genes are more pronounced in cells transduced with batch B versus non-transduced cells compared to cells transduced with batch C versus non-transduced cells.

Remarkably, 6 genes annotated in GO as “cell cycle” were upregulated with the two batches (i.e batch B and batch C) compared to non-transduced cells: CDKN1A, MDM2, TP53INP1, TGFB2, CDH13, RASSF2 according to HUGO gene nomenclature (as presented in Table 3). It could be noted that CDKN1A, encoding p21protein, corresponds to a cell cycle inhibitor, and that its overexpression is stronger in cells transduced with batch B versus non-transduced cells than cells transduced with batch C versus non-transduced cells.

Transcriptional changes observed at MOI 40.

Then, RNA levels from cells transduced with rLV-EF1 batch B and C at MOI 40 were compared to RNA of non-transduced cells. After statistical analyses, probes upregulated or downregulated 1.5-fold or more were retained for each comparison.

Among the 239 cell cycle downregulated probes at MOI 150 with rLV-EF1 batch B or C versus non-transduced cells, only 31 probes (representing 28 genes) were also under-expressed at MOI 40 with batch B versus non-transduced cells, and among them, 10 probes were downregulated with batch C versus non-transduced cells at the same MOI. FC were comprised between −1.5 and −2 at MOI 40, although they were comprised between −1.5 and −19 at MOI 150, showing that the impact on cell cycle was deeply stronger at MOI 150 compared to MOI 40.

Finally, there were 18 cell cycle genes impacted with FC values≦−1.5 only with batch B, FC being above the −1.5 cut-off for batch C at MOI 40. These genes are: ASPM, AURKB, CENPA, CENPF, CKS1B, E2F8, ERCC6L, FAM83D, KIFC1, NEK2, NUSAP1, OIP5, PRC1, RRM2, SGOL1, SPC25, TOP2A, TTK according to HUGO gene nomenclature (Table 4), correspond to the first cell cycle genes impacted in response to cell contact with a viral vector, and their deregulation happens earlier with a low quality vector batch compared to a highly purified vector batch. Thus, such genes could be used as early markers of an impact of a viral vector composition on the cell cycle of target cells.

Quantitative PCR Validations.

This Example describes subsequent technical validation of cell cycle genes underexpression by RT-qPCR. In order to confirm differential expression values obtained from microarrays experiments, a set of 5 cell cycle genes (E2F8, MKI67, NEK2, AURKB, CENPA according to HUGO gene nomenclature) was chosen among the 10 more under-expressed probes in cells transduced with batch B compared to non-transduced cells at MOI 150, RT-qPCR was performed on RNA from batch B and batch C transduced cells at MOI 150 versus non-transduced cells. The results, presented in FIGS. 6A and 6B, confirm the under-expression of these genes, and the stronger downregulation resulting from batch B transduction compared to batch C transduction.

Impact of a Viral Vector Batch Produced with Serum on Cell Transcriptome.

In order to assess the effects of vector medium composition after production of the viral vector composition with serum, rLV-EF1 vector (without cDNA) was produced in the presence of 10% serum and concentrated using process B, giving a batch B-S, whose characteristics are summarized in FIG. 7B. This batch was used to transduce foreskin cells at MOI 40 and MOI 150.

Cells were observed 48 hours after transduction, as shown in FIG. 7A. A growth arrest of cells transduced with batch B-S compared to non-transduced cells. This growth arrest is stronger at higher MOI (MOI 150) compared to MOI 40. Remarkably, Aggregates could be observed in cells transduced with batch B-S, and their volume increases with MOI. These cells were collected 54 hours after transduction for RNA extractions and microarray hybridizations. Surprisingly, during trypsinization, the cells transduced with batch B-S were more difficult to detach than cells transduced with batch B or C or non-transduced cells. RNA levels of cells transduced with batch B-S at moderate or higher MOI were compared to RNA of non-transduced cells using Agilent whole human genome microarrays. After statistical analyses, probes upregulated or downregulated 1.5-fold or more were retained for each comparison.

Transcriptional Changes Observed in Cells Transduced with Batch B-S at MOI 150 Versus Non-Transduced Cells.

1019 probes were significantly differential in cells transduced with batch B-S at MOI 150 compared to non-transduced cells as shown in FIG. 8. GeneSpring® Pathway analysis on this list revealed that the human “senescence and autophagy” Wikipathway (WP1267 reference in the Wikipathway database was significantly impacted with 10 differential genes: BMP2, COL1A1, CXCL1, GABARAPL1, HMGA1, IGF1, IL1B, MMP14, PLAT, SERPINB2 according to HUGO gene nomenclature (other impacted pathways: cell cycle, MAP kinase, focal adhesion . . . ).

A number of supplementary genes associated with the Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP) but not included in the senescence and autophagy pathway of Wikipathway were selected for testing. The list was extracted from the data of the literature (Coppé et al. 2010 and Young et al. 2009). A defined relevant list of cellular senescence associated genes from “senescence and autophagy” pathway and literature, is represented in Table 5.

Finally, 20 genes belonging to the pathway “senescence and autophagy” or associated with the SASP (AREG, BMP2, COL1A1, CXCL1, CXCL2, EREG, GABARAPL1, HMGA1, ICAM1, IGF1, IL1B, MMP1, MMP14, MMP3, NRG1, PLAT, PLAU, PLAUR, SERPINB2 and TNFRSF10C according to HUGO gene nomenclature, not represented in Tables) were selected because they appeared to be differentially expressed in cells transduced with batch B-S compared to non-transduced cells. Moreover, several collagen genes were downregulated, and PTGS2 gene was upregulated: these genes also participate into the senescence biological process (Coppé et al. 2010).

Among the 20 genes belonging to the pathway “senescence and autophagy” or associated with the SASP identified above, 10 genes are not impacted in cells transduced with batch B or C versus non-transduced cells, at MOI 150 (AREG, BMP2, EREG, HMGA1, ICAM1, MMP1, MMP14, NRG1, PLAT and PLAUR according to HUGO gene nomenclature). By “not impacted”, it is meant that the FC absolute value is <1.3.

6 other genes were also impacted in cells transduced with batch B or C versus non-transduced cells but in an opposite way as the change happening during cellular senescence (COL1A1, CXCL1, CXCL2, GABARAPL1, IGF1 and PLAU according to HUGO gene nomenclature). Finally, 16 genes present an expression profile characteristic of the apparition of cellular senescence only in response to batch B-S, compared to other batches at MOI 150. These 16 genes are presented in table 5.

Transcriptional Changes Observed in Cells Transduced with Batch B-S at MOI 40 Versus Non-Transduced Cells.

Differentially expressed probes with the B-S batch at MOI 40 were examined. 2841 probes were significantly differentially expressed compared to the non-transduced control as shown in FIG. 9. As shown in FIG. 10, 631 probes were still differential among the 1019 differential probes at higher MOI.

In order to identify probes associated with vectors produced with serum, probes were selected that were differentially expressed in cells transduced with batch B-S (at both MOD versus the non-transduced condition, and that were not differential in cells transduced with batches B and C (at both MOI). The corresponding set of 235 genes is represented in the profile plot shown in FIG. 11. By “not differential”, it is meant that the FC absolute value is <1.3.

Within this list of 235 genes, cellular senescence-associated genes were selected in order to identify early biomarkers of the apparition of a senescent phenotype in cells in contact with a viral vector. A list of 10 cellular senescence-associated genes was obtained, which could be candidate biomarkers revealing a negative impact of a viral vector composition on cells to be transduced. These genes are GABARAPL1, IGF1, PLAU, BMP2, EREG, MMP1, MMP14, NRG1, PLAT and PLAUR according to HUGO gene nomenclature (more details in table 7).

Selection of Restricted List of Genes not Impacted with a High-Quality Vector.

This example discloses a selection of genes not impacted by batch C (both MOD and impacted with other batches. Whereas most of differentially expressed genes are commonly expressed in cells transduced with batch B versus non-transduced cells and cells transduced with batch C versus non-transduced cells at MOI 150, a few genes show different expression patterns.

In order to select genes specifically impacted in cells in contact with a low quality vector composition, probes that were not differentially expressed with batch C (FC chosen between −1.2 and 1.2) and differentially expressed in cells transduced with batch B versus non-transduced cells at MOI 40 and 150 were selected. The corresponding selection results in one gene: CXCL2. Two other genes share the same profile, except for reduced FC values for B versus NT at MOI 40 (absolute values comprised between 1.3 and 1.5): FOXQ1 and ZNF547 (Agilent Probe ID: A_33_P3352822, RefSeq mRNA accession number: NM_173631, RefSeq protein accession number: NP_775902).

Interestingly, CXCL2 and FOXQ1 are also differential when comparing cells transduced with batch B-S versus non-transduced cells at MOI 150 but with an opposite evolution, as they are over-expressed cells transduced with batch B-S versus non-transduced cells, although they are under-expressed in cells transduced with batch B versus non-transduced cells.

Another gene presents an interesting expression profile: MAP3K8. The corresponding probe was not initially selected as it is not statistically significantly differential at MOI 40 when comparing cells transduced with batch B versus non-transduced cells, but a slight difference could be seen when examinating intensity values, corresponding to a FC value of −1.2, thus confirming the downregulation tendency observed at higher MOI. This gene is downregulated in cells transduced with batches B and B-S versus non-transduced cells and not differential in cells transduced with batch C at both MOI.

These three genes (CXCL2, FOXQ1 and MAP3K8 according to HUGO gene nomenclature), shown in Table 8, are hence biomarkers for use in the practice of the invention as their expression is specifically impacted when transducing cells with a low quality vector batch, and not affected by high quality vector transduction.

Candidate Biomarkers Validation.

In order to validate candidate biomarkers response depending on lentiviral vector batch quality, an independent experiment was performed. Foreskin fibroblast cells were transduced at MOI 40 and 150 with five rLV-EF1-GFP compositions: batch B, batch C, batch C-S, batch B-S and batch UC (or UC-S) (described above) and whose characteristics are summarized in FIG. 12. These batches were deeply characterized in order to ensure the most precise comparisons between conditions. Cells were observed 48 hours after transduction as presented in FIG. 13. At MOI 40, a growth retardation with batch B transduced cells compared to non-transduced cells was confirmed, as well as the absence of visible retardation with batch C. All the other batches produced with serum, induced cell proliferation delays, similarly to batch B. Thus, the proliferation rate with batch B is better than with batch B-S, and the one with batch C is better than with batch C-S. At MOI 150, the only one batch which does not impact the cell proliferation is batch C. A strong proliferation arrest is seen with batch B transduced cells compared to non-transduced cells, confirming previous results. Batches B-S and UC also induced strong growth retardations. The impact on cell growth observed with batch C-S was lower than with batches B, B-S and UC, being just slightly more intense than with batch C.

Impact on the Transcriptome of Transduced Cells.

To explore underlying changes at the transcriptional level, these cells were collected 54 hours post-transduction. RNA were extracted and used for subsequent validation experiments.

Transcriptional Changes Observed at MOI 40.

RNA from MOI 40 transduced cells with batch B, C and B-S vectors and from NT cells were used to perform Agilent whole human genome microarrays. RNA levels from cells transduced with rLV-EF1-GFP batch B, C and B-S at MOI 40 were compared to RNA from non-transduced cells. After statistical analyses, probes upregulated or downregulated 1.5-fold or more were retained for each comparison.

Cell Cycle Genes Category.

Within downregulated probes for B vs NT and C vs NT, cell cycle probes are still predominant, with 209 probes on 496 downregulated probes for C vs NT, and 236 on 591 downregulated probes for B vs NT.

Probes corresponding to cell cycle genes previously selected on FIG. 5 as being downregulated with FC<=−3 with rLV-EF1 batch B at MOI150 vs NT, were still downregulated with rLV-EF1-GFP batch B and batch C at MOI40 (FIG. 14 and table 9). Except for 4 probes, the downregulation was stronger with batch B than with batch C, confirming the stronger impact on cell cycle with a non-highly purified vector batch.

Similarly, cell cycle upregulated genes corresponding to table 3 were still upregulated with the rLV-EF1-GFP vector batch B or batch C, as shown on FIG. 15 and table 9. This upregulation is stronger with batch B than batch C compared to NT, except for CDKN1A which exhibit a 1.6-fold upregulation with the 2 batches.

The 18 cell cycle genes selected in table 4 as candidate biomarkers exhibit a downregulation after transduction with rLV-EF1-GFP batch B as well as batch C vectors at MOI 40 compared to NT (NB: RRM2 is only downregulated with a −1.3 FC with batch C vs NT). The profile plot presented in FIG. 16 confirms a stronger downregulation of these genes with batch B compared to batch C. The proliferation marker MK167 is also represented in FIG. 16 and exhibit a more pronounced downregulation with batch B than with batch C compared to NT, confirming previous results.

Cell Cycle Genes Behavior with B-S Batch.

As shown on the profile plot presented in FIG. 17, downregulation of the 18 cell cycle genes from table 4 and MK167 are similar with batch B-S compared to batch C (except for one gene: RRM2, which is downregulated in the same proportion with batches B and B-S, and nearly not impacted with batch C).

We can hypothesize that this last observation is linked to the presence of growth factors from the serum, which could be concentrated conjointly with the vector, and thwart the cell cycle genes downregulation, even if the cells are not growing as well as batch C transduced cells.

RT-qPCR Validations

RT-qPCR were performed on MK167 and E2F8 cell cycle genes with three objectives:

1/validation of differential gene expressions obtained at MOI 40 for batches B, C and B-S on microarrays with an independent mRNA quantification technique,

2/validation of the specific behavior of these genes after transduction with another low quality batch: the UC batch,

3/confirmation of the downregulation of these 2 genes at MOI 150.

As presented in FIG. 18, for these 2 genes at MOI 40, a stronger downregulation with batch B compared to batch C was confirmed with respective FC compared to NT of −4.6 and −2.4 for MKI67, and −3.1 and −1.7 for E2F8. In agreement with microarrays' results, the downregulation was not higher with batch B-S than with batch C (FC −2.9 and −1.7 for MKI67 and E2F8 respectively). The UC batch produces the same downregulation level as B batch at this MOI (FC −4.7 for MKI67 and −3.0 for E2F8).

At MOI 150, downregulation for these 2 genes are stronger in each condition, but the ratio between batch B and batch C downregulations remains the same (approximately 2 fold). B-S batch generates an equivalent or lower downregulation than batch C, which is in agreement with FC obtained with microarrays. With UC batch, the downregulation reaches an intermediate level between those of batches B and C.

To conclude, we identified and validated a set of cell cycle genes that are early response genes in response to transduction and whose downregulation is stronger at the same MOI with a low quality vector produced without serum than with a highly purified vector. However, these genes cannot be used as unique quality biomarkers as they behave similarly with low quality batches produced with serum than with highly purified batches, certainly due to compensation mechanisms, through cell cycle genes activation by serum growth factors.

Genes Presenting a Batch Specific Behaviour

Among the 16 genes from table 6, only 2 were validated in this independent experiment as presenting a different behavior according to batch quality: CXCL2 and EREG.

Sequences of the primers used in the RT-qPCR validation are given in Table 10.

CXCL2 was significantly upregulated after transduction with B-S batch at MOI 40 (FC B-S vs NT: 1.9) although it was downregulated with batch C (FC C vs NT: −1.75). RT-qPCR validation experiments on the same samples (FIG. 19) confirm the downregulation with batch C, and show a slight upregulation with B-S compared to NT but it is not statistically significant. However, the UC batch exhibits a 1.6-fold upregulation compared to NT.

At MOI 150, RT-qPCR results shown in FIG. 19B, confirm a specific behavior of this gene depending on vector batch quality. Indeed, only low quality batches induce an upregulation of CXCL2, although the highly purified batch C provokes a slight downregulation of this gene (FC vs NT: 1.4). Noticeably, the B batch which induces no differential expression at MOI 40 (with even a slight downregulation), generates a strong upregulation at MOI 150. This could explain the different results observed with rLV-EF1 batch B which induced CXCL2 downregulation at MOI 40 and 150, maybe due to lower MOI, compared to rLV-EF1-GFP vector. Finally, at high MOI, CXCL2 upregulation appears to be specific of a low quality vector batch.

EREG exhibits a slight upregulation on microarrays with batches B (FC vs NT: 1.5) and B-S (FC vs NT: 1.4), and is not impacted with batch C. RT-qPCR validations were performed with RNA obtained from MOI 150 experiment (FIG. 19C). A strong and significant overexpression was confirmed with batches B and B-S (respective FC vs NT: 3.0 and 2.9), while the absence of impact after batch C transduction was confirmed. It can be noticed that UC batch does not induce a significant overexpression.

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The invention claimed is:
 1. A method for detecting and quantifying the cell response to transduction of a viral vector composition into eukaryotic target cells for further use in transgene transfer, comprising: (a) hybridizing and/or amplifying a polynucleotide of at least one biomarker selected from the group consisting of CXCL2 (SEQ ID NO:1) and EREG (SEQ ID NO:2) with nucleic acid primers/probes, or binding of an antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof, specific to the protein encoded by said at least one biomarker to detect and quantify the expression level of said at least one biomarker in target cells having no contact with the viral vector composition; (b) separately transducing target cells with the viral vector composition and then either (i) hybridizing and/or amplifying a polynucleotide of at least one biomarker selected from the group consisting of CXCL2 (SEQ ID NO:1) and EREG (SEQ ID NO:2) with nucleic acid primers/probes, or (ii) binding of an antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof to the protein encoded by said at least one biomarker, to detect and quantify the expression level of said at least one biomarker in the transduced target cells; and (c) comparing the level of expression of said biomarker(s) in (b) to the level of expression of biomarker(s) in (a), wherein a significant upregulation in biomarker expression level in (b) relative to (a) indicates that the quality of the viral vector composition is insufficient transfer for further use in transgene transfer, wherein the detection and quantification of the biomarker expression level are performed before the target cells reach confluency.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein a significant upregulation at high MOI is a two fold upregulation compared to (a).
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising the steps of: (d) hybridizing and/or amplifying a polynucleotide of at least one further biomarker selected from the group consisting of ASPM (SEQ ID NO:3), AURKB (SEQ ID NO:4), CENPA (SEQ ID NO:5), CENPF (SEQ ID NO:6), CKS1B (SEQ ID NO:7), E2F8 (SEQ ID NO:8), ERCC6L (SEQ ID NO:9), FAM83D (SEQ ID NO:10), KIFC1 (SEQ ID NO:11), MKI67 SEQ ID NO:12), NEK2 (SEQ ID NO:13), NUSAP1 (SEQ ID NO:14), OIP5 (SEQ ID NO:15), PRC1 (SEQ ID NO:16), RRM2 (SEQ ID NO:17), SGOL1 (SEQ ID NO:18), SPC25 (SEQ ID NO:19), TOP2A (SEQ ID NO:20) and TTK (SEQ ID NO:21) with nucleic acid primers/probes, or binding of an antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof, specific to the protein encoded by said at least one biomarker to detect and quantify the expression level of said at least one further biomarker in target cells having no contact with the viral vector composition; (e) separately transducing target cells with the viral vector composition and then either (i) hybridizing and/or amplifying a polynucleotide of said at least one further biomarker of (d) with nucleic acid primers/probes, or (ii) binding of an antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof to the protein encoded by said at least one further biomarker, to detect and quantify the expression level of said at least one further biomarker in the transduced target cells; and (f) comparing the level of expression of said further biomarker(s) in (e) to the level of expression of said further biomarker(s) in (d), wherein a significant downregulation in biomarker expression level in (e) relative to (d) indicates that the quality of the viral vector composition is insufficient for further use in transgene transfer.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein a significant downregulation at optimal MOI is a 1.5 fold downregulation compared to (d).
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising of the steps of: (g) separately transducing target cells with a control viral vector composition and then either (i) hybridizing and/or amplifying a polynucleotide of at least one biomarker selected in the group consisting of CXCL2 (SEQ ID NO:1) and EREG (SEQ ID NO:2) with nucleic acid primers/probes, or (ii) binding of an antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof to the protein encoded by said at least one biomarker, to detect and quantify the expression level of said at least one biomarker in the target cells transduced with the control viral vector composition; and (h) comparing the level of expression of said biomarker(s) in (g) to the level of expression of biomarker(s) in (a), wherein no significant differential expression in biomarker(s) in (g) relative to (a) is confirmation that the quality of the viral vector composition is insufficient for further use in transgene transfer.
 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising the steps of: (j) separately transducing target cells with a control viral vector composition and then either (i) hybridizing and/or amplifying a polynucleotide of at least one further biomarker selected in the group consisting of ASPM (SEQ ID NO:3), AURKB (SEQ ID NO:4), CENPA (SEQ ID NO:5), CENPF (SEQ ID NO:6), CKS1B (SEQ ID NO:7), E2F8 (SEQ ID NO:8), ERCC6L (SEQ ID NO:9), FAM83D (SEQ ID NO:10), KIFC1 (SEQ ID NO:11), MKI67 (SEQ ID NO:12), NEK2 (SEQ ID NO:13), NUSAP1 (SEQ ID NO:14), OIP5 (SEQ ID NO:15), PRC1 (SEQ ID NO:16), RRM2 (SEQ ID NO:17), SGOL1 (SEQ ID NO:18), SPC25 (SEQ ID NO:19), TOP2A (SEQ ID N:20) and TTK (SEQ ID N:21) with nucleic acid primers/probes, or (ii) binding of an antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof to the protein encoded by said at least one further biomarker, to detect and quantify the expression level of said at least one further biomarker in the target cells transduced with the control viral vector composition; and (k) comparing the level of expression of said further biomarker(s) in (j) to the the level of expression of said further biomarker(s) in (d), wherein a potential downregulation in biomarker expression level in (j) relative to (d) is confirmation that the quality of the viral vector composition is insufficient for further use in transgene transfer.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the potential downregulation in biomarker expression level in (j) compared to (d) is at least 1.5 times less than the downregulation in biomarker expression level in (e) compared to (d) at high MOI.
 8. The method of claim 5, comprising beforehand a step of titration of the viral vector composition and the control viral vector composition.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein target cells are eukaryotic cells and the viral composition for transducing target cells is a lentiviral vector composition. 